Varnishes with Biocidal Activity: A New Approach to Protecting Artworks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Varnishes and Biocides
2.2. Microorganisms
- Colophony: Chrysonilia sitophila and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
- Sandarac: Chrysonilia sitophila, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Streptomyces celluloflavus
- Manila copal: Chrysonilia sitophila, Phoma herbarum, and Arthrobacter oxydans
2.3. Sample Preparation
2.4. Monitoring Growth
2.5. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
2.6. MDS Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Monitoring Growth
3.2. Colophony
3.3. Sandarac
3.4. Manila Copal
3.5. General Technical Considerations
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Varnish | Colophony | Sandarac | Manila Copal |
---|---|---|---|
Microorganisms | Cs, Ba | Cs, Pc, Sc | Cs, Ph, Ao |
Biocides | Benzalkonium chloride (mixed, spread) Metatin N (mixed, spread) Preventol ON (mixed, spread) | Benzalkonium chloride (mixed, spread) Metatin N (mixed) | Benzalkonium chloride (mixed, spread) Metatin N (mixed, spread) |
Test | Sample Type | DHA | AA | 7-OH-DHA | 15-OH-DHA | 7-oxo-DHA | 15-OH-7-oxo-DHA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Colophony | 1 | 56.5 | 10.3 | 3.0 | 9.8 | 5.8 | 1.4 |
Colophony-Cs | 3 | 51.3 | 0.0 | 2.8 | 8.9 | 17.2 | 3.3 |
Colophony-Ba | 3 | 24.4 | 0.0 | 6.1 | 12.2 | 36.5 | 14.8 |
Colophony Benzalkonium chloride (sp) Cs | 5 | 57.2 | 0.9 | 3.1 | 6.1 | 9.6 | 0.0 |
Colophony Tributyltin naphthenate (sp) Cs | 5 | 58.9 | 0.8 | 3.3 | 5.6 | 8.9 | 0.0 |
Colophony Orthophenyl phenol (sp) Cs | 5 | 56.4 | 11.4 | 1.8 | 5.3 | 3.0 | 0.0 |
Colophony Benzalkonyum chloride (sp) Ba | 5 | 56.0 | 1.6 | 2.4 | 8.5 | 10.1 | 0.0 |
Colophony Tributyltin naphthenate (sp) Ba | 5 | 55.7 | 1.0 | 3.1 | 7.3 | 11.7 | 0.0 |
Colophony Orthophenyl phenol (sp) Ba | 5 | 54.5 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 0.0 |
Colophony Benzalkonium chloride Ba | 4 | 57.1 | 2.4 | 1.6 | 6.8 | 6.1 | 0.0 |
Colophony Tributyltin naphthenate Ba | 4 | 43.7 | 36.8 | 1.0 | 4.5 | 0.6 | 0.0 |
Colophony Orthophenyl phenol Ba | 4 | 53.2 | 11.5 | 1.1 | 3.3 | 0.6 | 0.0 |
Test | Sample Type | Manool | Sandaracopimaric Acid | Isopimaric Acid | OH-Sandaracopimaric |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sandarac | 1 | 25.79 | 47.34 | 8.02 | 14.54 |
Sandarac-Pc | 3 | 28.33 | 61.72 | 9.95 | 0 |
Sandarac-Cs | 3 | 27.47 | 64 | 7.9 | 0.63 |
Sandarac-Sc | 3 | 26.29 | 65.27 | 7.74 | 0 |
Sandarac-Benzalkonium chloride-Sc | 4 | 22.34 | 55.96 | 8.76 | 12.92 |
Sandarac-Benzalkonium chloride (sp)-Sc | 5 | 24.54 | 49.94 | 10.41 | 15.1 |
Sandarac-Tributyltin naphthenate-Sc | 4 | 18.43 | 54.33 | 13.58 | 13.65 |
Test | Sample Type | 19-Norlabda-8 (20), 13-Dien-15-oic Acid | Agathalic Acid | Agathic Acid | Acetoxy Agatholic Acid |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Manila copal | 1 | 3.24 | 7.35 | 41.66 | 23.28 |
Copal-Cs | 3 | 3.92 | 3.19 | 46.07 | 17.03 |
Copal-Ph | 3 | 3.92 | 1.93 | 39.07 | 19.81 |
Copal-Ao | 3 | 2.88 | 3.58 | 48.14 | 22.27 |
Copal Benzalkonium Chloride Ao | 4 | 3.31 | 1.05 | 46.18 | 28.06 |
Copal Benzalkonium Chloride (sp) Ao | 5 | 2.16 | 0.33 | 45.82 | 34.13 |
Copal Tributyltin naphthenate Ao | 4 | 1.30 | 0.49 | 40.59 | 33.85 |
Copal Tributyltin naphthenate (sp) Ao | 5 | 2.40 | 0.00 | 50.28 | 26.00 |
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Romero-Noguera, J.; Bailón-Moreno, R.; Bolívar-Galiano, F. Varnishes with Biocidal Activity: A New Approach to Protecting Artworks. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 7319. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207319
Romero-Noguera J, Bailón-Moreno R, Bolívar-Galiano F. Varnishes with Biocidal Activity: A New Approach to Protecting Artworks. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(20):7319. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207319
Chicago/Turabian StyleRomero-Noguera, Julio, Rafael Bailón-Moreno, and Fernando Bolívar-Galiano. 2020. "Varnishes with Biocidal Activity: A New Approach to Protecting Artworks" Applied Sciences 10, no. 20: 7319. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207319
APA StyleRomero-Noguera, J., Bailón-Moreno, R., & Bolívar-Galiano, F. (2020). Varnishes with Biocidal Activity: A New Approach to Protecting Artworks. Applied Sciences, 10(20), 7319. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207319