Drill Hole Orientation: Its Role and Importance on the Compression Response of Pure Magnesium
Abstract
:Featured Application
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Simulations
2.1.1. Simulation Parameters
2.1.2. Analysis Procedure Post Simulation
2.2. Experimental Procedure
2.2.1. Materials and Processing
2.2.2. Material Characterization
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Simulation Results
3.1.1. Development of Shear Zones
3.1.2. Development of Plastic Zones
3.1.3. Macroscopic Changes in Deformation Patterns
3.1.4. Summary of Simulation Results
- Though the maximum shear stresses developed around the drill hole in all three cases, the development and alignment are vastly different, paving the way for a difference in macroscopic failure orientation. However, microscopic failure modes can only be evaluated through experimentation (refer to Figure 5).
- Comparing the volume of the component experiencing strains above critical strains and deriving the normalized plastic zone area helped rank the horizontal drill orientation as the weakest of the three orientations, followed by angular orientation being the next weakest (refer to Figure 6 and Figure 7).
- The vertical orientation was ranked the strongest of the three as it showed the least deviation in deformation patterns and plastic zone development when compared to the monolithic condition (refer to Figure 6, Figure 7 and Figure 8) while angular and horizontal drill hole orientations imparted significant local deformation around the drill holes.
3.2. Experimental Results
3.2.1. Compression Testing
3.2.2. Fractography Analyses
3.2.3. Summary of Experimental Results
- Compression tests showed the ductility and ultimate tensile strength reduced as the drill hole orientation changed from vertical to angular to horizontal, respectively.
- The load to failure for each of these individual components indicates that the horizontal drill hole orientation fails first and the vertical drill hole orientation lasts the longest.
- Another observation was that all three drill hole orientations increased the yield strength of the component if the 0.2% offset method was considered. This can be attributed to the lower stiffness of each of these components in general when compared to the monolithic condition, thereby giving rise to local flexure and local yield and thereby, longer duration to global yield.
- Microscopic observations indicated that the presence of the drill hole did not change the microscopic deformation and failure mechanisms with the shear mode still being prevalent in all cases.
- Macroscopic observation of the fractured sample indicated a difference in orientation of the final crack. While the monolithic and vertical drill hole orientations experienced near 45° failure crack propagation, the angular drill hole experienced a failure angle of more than 45° with the horizontal and horizontal drill orientations experienced a failure angle of less than 45° with the horizontal. These deviations are shown in the insets of Figure 10.
3.3. Reflections on Simulations and Experiments
- Both simulations and experiments predict the vertical drill hole orientation to be the strongest.
- Simulations predict higher stress in the angular and horizontal drill hole components (Figure 5), while experiments also validate the same by showing higher stress in them for the same amount of engineering strain.
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Drill Hole Orientation | Plastic Zone Volume above 9% Strain | Total Volume |
---|---|---|
No Drill (Monolithic) | 58.80 mm3 | 402 mm3 |
Vertical Drill | 68.47 mm3 | 388 mm3 |
Angular Drill | 107.29 mm3 | 384 mm3 |
Horizontal Drill | 102.60 mm3 | 388 mm3 |
Drill Hole Orientation | Compressive Yield Strength (CYS) in MPa | Ultimate Compressive Strength (UCS) in MPa | Fracture Strain at UCS (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Monolithic (No Hole) | 65 ± 1 | 297 ± 4 | 19.1 ± 0.5 |
Vertical Drill Hole | 105 ± 2 | 330 ± 3 | 19.7 ± 0.6 |
(↑ 61.53%) | (↑ 11.11%) | (↑ 3.14%) | |
Angular Drill Hole | 133 ± 4 | 245 ± 3 | 11.5 ± 0.5 |
(↑ 104.61%) | (↓ 17.5%) | (↓ 39.79%) | |
Horizontal Drill Hole | 121 ± 5 | 224 ± 2 | 10.3 ± 0.3 |
(↑ 86.15%) | (↓ 24.6%) | (↓ 46.07%) |
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Venkatraman Krishnan, A.; Matli, P.R.; Parande, G.; Manakari, V.; Chua, B.W.; Wong, S.C.K.; Anantharajan, S.K.; Lim, C.Y.H.; Gupta, M. Drill Hole Orientation: Its Role and Importance on the Compression Response of Pure Magnesium. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 7047. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207047
Venkatraman Krishnan A, Matli PR, Parande G, Manakari V, Chua BW, Wong SCK, Anantharajan SK, Lim CYH, Gupta M. Drill Hole Orientation: Its Role and Importance on the Compression Response of Pure Magnesium. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(20):7047. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207047
Chicago/Turabian StyleVenkatraman Krishnan, Anirudh, Penchal Reddy Matli, Gururaj Parande, Vyasaraj Manakari, Beng Wah Chua, Stephen Chee Khuen Wong, Senthil Kumar Anantharajan, C. Y. H. Lim, and Manoj Gupta. 2020. "Drill Hole Orientation: Its Role and Importance on the Compression Response of Pure Magnesium" Applied Sciences 10, no. 20: 7047. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207047
APA StyleVenkatraman Krishnan, A., Matli, P. R., Parande, G., Manakari, V., Chua, B. W., Wong, S. C. K., Anantharajan, S. K., Lim, C. Y. H., & Gupta, M. (2020). Drill Hole Orientation: Its Role and Importance on the Compression Response of Pure Magnesium. Applied Sciences, 10(20), 7047. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207047