Fabrication and Characterization of Seawater Temperature Sensor with Self-Calibration Based on Optical Microfiber Coupler Interferometer
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. The Fabrication and Sensing Principle of OMCI
2.1. Structure and Fabrication
2.2. Sensing Mechanism
3. Sensing Characteristics and Demodulation
3.1. Analysis of Sensing Characteristics
3.2. Temperature Self-Calibration and Demodulation Optimization
4. Experiment Set up and Results
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Sadekov, A.; Eggins, S.M.; De Deckker, P.; Ninnemann, U.; Kuhnt, W.; Bassinot, F. Surface and subsurface seawater temperature reconstruction using Mg/Ca microanalysis of planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber, Globigerinoides sacculifer, and Pulleniatina obliquiloculata. Paleoceanography 2009, 24, 1–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ahmad, H.; Jasim, A.A. Fabrication and Characterization of 2 × 2 Microfiber Coupler for Generating Two Output Stable Multiwavelength Fiber Lasers. J. Light. Technol. 2017, 35, 4227–4233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jung, Y.; Brambilla, G.; Richardson, D.J. Optical microfiber coupler for broadband single-mode operation. Opt. Express 2009, 17, 5273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gafsi, R.; Lecoy, P.; Malki, A. Stress optical fiber sensor using light coupling between two laterally fused multimode optical fibers. Appl. Opt. 1998, 37, 3417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bo, L.; Wang, P.; Semenova, Y.; Farrell, G. High sensitivity fiber refractometer based on an optical microfiber coupler. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 2013, 25, 228–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Q.; Lei, J.; Cheng, B.; Song, Y.; Hua, L.; Xiao, H. A Microfiber Half Coupler for Refractive Index Sensing. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 2017, 29, 1525–1528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pu, S.; Luo, L.; Tang, J.; Mao, L.; Zeng, X. Ultrasensitive Refractive-Index Sensors Based on Tapered Fiber Coupler with Sagnac Loop. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 2016, 28, 1073–1076. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, K.; Zhang, N.; Zhang, N.M.Y.; Liu, G.; Zhang, T.; Wei, L. Ultrasensitive measurement of gas refractive index using an optical nanofiber coupler. Opt. Lett. 2018, 43, 679. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wei, F.; Mallik, A.K.; Liu, D.; Wu, Q.; Peng, G.D.; Farrell, G.; Semenova, Y. Magnetic field sensor based on a combination of a microfiber coupler covered with magnetic fluid and a Sagnac loop. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pu, S.; Mao, L.; Yao, T.; Gu, J.; Lahoubi, M.; Zeng, X. Microfiber Coupling Structures for Magnetic Field Sensing with Enhanced Sensitivity. IEEE Sens. J. 2017, 17, 5857–5861. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yan, S.; Liu, Z.; Li, C.; Ge, S.; Xu, F.; Lu, Y. “Hot-wire” microfluidic flowmeter based on a microfiber coupler. Opt. Lett. 2016, 41, 5680. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, R.; Bradshaw, T.; Badcock, R.; Cole, P.; Jarman, P.; Pedder, D.; Fernando, G.F. Linear location of acoustic emission using a pair of novel fibre optic sensors. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2005, 15, 232–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, L.; Liu, Y.; Fu, W.; Li, F.; Zhao, Z.; Yu, K. Source location using an optimized microfiber coupler sensor based on modal acoustic emission method. Struct. Control Heal. Monit. 2017, 24, 1–10. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, S.; Liao, Y.; Yang, H.; Wang, X.; Wang, J. Modeling seawater salinity and temperature sensing based on directional coupler assembled by polyimide-coated micro/nanofibers. Appl. Opt. 2015, 54, 10283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, S.; Yang, H.; Liao, Y.; Wang, X.; Wang, J. High-Sensitivity Salinity and Temperature Sensing in Seawater Based on a Microfiber Directional Coupler. IEEE Photonics J. 2016, 8, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, Y.; Bian, Q.; Lu, Y.; Zhang, X.; Yang, J.; Liang, L. High Sensitivity All Optical Fiber Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) Sensing Based on an Optical Microfiber Coupler (OMC). J. Light. Technol. 2019, 37, 2739–2747. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cao, L.; Yu, Y.; Xiao, M.; Yang, J. High sensitivity conductivity-temperature-depth sensing based on an optical microfiber coupler combined fiber loop. Chinese Opt. Lett. 2020, 2020. 18, 011202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang Yu, Y.Y.; Qiang Bian, Q.B.; Nan Zhang, N.Z.; Yang Lu, Y.L.; Xueliang Zhang, X.Z.; Junbo Yang, J.Y. Investigation on an all-optical intensity modulator based on an optical microfiber coupler. Chinese Opt. Lett. 2018, 16, 040605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, Y.; Zhang, X.; Song, Z.; Wang, J.; Meng, Z. Precise control of the optical microfiber tapering process based on monitoring of intermodal interference. Appl. Opt. 2014, 53, 8222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kersey, A.D.; Marrone, M.J.; Davis, M.A. Polarisation-insensitive fibre optic michelson interferometer. Electron. Lett. 1991, 27, 518–520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, L.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, J.; Chen, Y. Highly sensitive temperature sensor based on an isopropanol- sealed optical microfiber coupler. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2018, 113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Birks, T.A.; Li, Y.W. The Shape of Fiber Tapers. J. Light. Technol. 1992, 10, 432–438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, N.; Qiu, Q.; Su, J.; Shi, S.J. Research on the temperature characteristics of optical fiber refractive index. Optik (Stuttg) 2014, 125, 5813–5815. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Z.; Zhao, P.; Lin, P.; Sun, F. Thermo-optic coefficients of polymers for optical waveguide applications. Polymer (Guildf) 2006, 47, 4893–4896. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Teilmann, J.; Agersted, M.D.; Heide-Jørgensen, M.P. A comparison of CTD satellite-linked tags for large cetaceans-Bowhead whales as real-time autonomous sampling platforms. Deep Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 2020, 157, 103213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Zhou, L.; Yu, Y.; Cao, L.; Huang, H.; Tao, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Wang, J.; Yang, J.; Zhang, Z. Fabrication and Characterization of Seawater Temperature Sensor with Self-Calibration Based on Optical Microfiber Coupler Interferometer. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 6018. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10176018
Zhou L, Yu Y, Cao L, Huang H, Tao Y, Zhang Z, Wang J, Yang J, Zhang Z. Fabrication and Characterization of Seawater Temperature Sensor with Self-Calibration Based on Optical Microfiber Coupler Interferometer. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(17):6018. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10176018
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Lingjun, Yang Yu, Liang Cao, Huimin Huang, Yuyu Tao, Zhenfu Zhang, Jianfei Wang, Junbo Yang, and Zhenrong Zhang. 2020. "Fabrication and Characterization of Seawater Temperature Sensor with Self-Calibration Based on Optical Microfiber Coupler Interferometer" Applied Sciences 10, no. 17: 6018. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10176018
APA StyleZhou, L., Yu, Y., Cao, L., Huang, H., Tao, Y., Zhang, Z., Wang, J., Yang, J., & Zhang, Z. (2020). Fabrication and Characterization of Seawater Temperature Sensor with Self-Calibration Based on Optical Microfiber Coupler Interferometer. Applied Sciences, 10(17), 6018. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10176018