Mechanical and Durability Properties of Concrete with Coarse Recycled Aggregate Produced with Electric Arc Furnace Slag Concrete
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Mix Design
2.3. Physical Properties Tests
2.4. Mechanical Properties Tests
2.5. Durability Tests
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Physical Properties
3.2. Mechanical Properties
3.3. Durability
4. Conclusions
- The use of RCA with a water absorption twice that of NA requires compensation water, but the rounded shape of the RCA produced from concrete with EAFS (shape index 20% lower than NAC) makes it possible to use slightly lower effective w/c ratio to obtain the same workability;
- The replacement level affects the physical properties of RAC. Bulk density increased by 7%, unlike in current RAC (typically density decreases), due to the iron present in this recycled aggregate. Both porosity and capillarity slightly increase (18% and 9% for full replacement respectively) as replacement increases due to the porosity of the source concrete mortar;
- Compressive strength is not affected by the replacement level for ages over 28 days due to the hydration of the unhydrated cement grains of the source concrete and to a good bond strength between RCA and the new mortar. This good bond, favoured by the cavernous form of EAFS in the source concrete, allows tensile strength to be very similar to that of NAC. On the other hand, the modulus of elasticity is the property most affected by the replacement of RCA, showing losses that can reach 17% with respect to NAC. Typical decreases of the modulus of elasticity caused by full recycled aggregate incorporation are higher than this value;
- Durability properties are negatively but slightly affected. Carbonation depths and chlorides diffusion coefficients are 15% and 25% higher respectively for full replacement at 91 days. Both properties are linked to the porosity of RAC and hence with the quality of the RCA used, which is reflected in a low w/c ratio and a good bond between aggregate and paste;
- Drying shrinkage values 13% higher for total replacements have been obtained at 91 days, consistent with the modulus of elasticity obtained;
- The mechanical and durability tests results obtained are satisfactory, usually near the lower limit of the interval of change found in the literature and sometimes showing a behaviour very similar to that of the reference NAC;
- Concrete designed by recycling an EAFS-based concrete has potential applications as a structural material and can also be used in applications where its self-weight is important, as in bridge counterweights, seawalls or radiation-proof structures.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Acronym | Meaning |
---|---|
RA | Recycled aggregate |
CRA | Coarse recycled aggregate |
RCA | Recycled concrete aggregate |
RAC | Recycled aggregate concrete |
NA | Natural aggregate |
NAC | Natural aggregate concrete |
CDW | Construction and demolition waste |
EAFS | Electric arc furnace slags |
Material | Bulk Density [g/cm3] | Apparent Bulk Density [g/cm3] | Water Absorption [%wt.] | Shape Index [%] | Los Angeles Wear [%] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
12/20 | 2.66 | 1.36 | 1.3 | 14.5 | 26 |
6/12 | 2.66 | 1.38 | 1.5 | 19.7 | 28 |
2/6 | 2.66 | 1.41 | 1.0 | 16.4 | - |
0/4 | 2.67 | 1.54 | 0.3 | - | - |
0/2 | 2.67 | 1.57 | 0.2 | - | - |
CRA 4/20 | 2.96 | 1.52 | 3.5 | 13.4 | 26.9 |
Material/Property | Mix Proportions [kg/m3] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
CRA replacement | 0% | 20% | 50% | 100% |
CEM I 42.5 R | 350 | 350 | 350 | 350 |
Effective water | 175 | 174.3 | 173.3 | 171.5 |
Compensation water | 18.0 | 29.1 | 34.6 | 43.9 |
NA gravel (12/20) | 434.4 | 347.5 | 217.19 | - |
NA gravel (6/12) | 566.6 | 453.26 | 283.29 | - |
NA gravel (2/6) | 207.8 | 173.67 | 122.1 | 36.2 |
NA sand (0/4) | 417.1 | 417.1 | 417.1 | 417.1 |
NA sand (0/2) | 265.4 | 265.4 | 265.4 | 265.4 |
CRA > 22.4 mm | - | 1.5 | 3.9 | 7.7 |
CRA 16–22.4 mm | - | 35.6 | 88.9 | 177.9 |
CRA 11.2–16 mm | - | 76.7 | 191.8 | 383.6 |
CRA 8–11.2 mm | - | 56.8 | 142,0 | 283.9 |
CRA 5.6–8 mm | - | 49.8 | 124.6 | 249.2 |
CRA 4–5.6 mm | - | 39.5 | 98.7 | 197.4 |
Effective w/c ratio | 0.500 | 0.498 | 0.495 | 0.490 |
Slump [mm] | 70 | 65 | 68 | 72 |
Fresh state density [kg/m3] | 2424 | 2470 | 2563 | 2603 |
Replacement | Bulk Density [g/cm3] | Apparent Density [g/cm3] | SSD Density [g/cm3] | Fresh State Density [g/cm3] | Open Porosity [% vol.] | Water Absorption [% wt.] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0% | 2.280 ± 0.01 | 2.620 ± 0.008 | 2.410 ± 0.01 | 2.42 | 12.70 ± 0.28 | 5.56 ± 0.14 |
20% | 2.300 ± 0.008 | 2.680 ± 0.018 | 2.440 ± 0.01 | 2.47 | 14.31 ± 0.31 | 6.23 ± 0.12 |
50% | 2.390 ± 0.009 | 2.740 ± 0.01 | 2.520 ± 0.015 | 2.56 | 12.73 ± 0.41 | 5.33 ± 0.21 |
100% | 2.460 ± 0.005 | 2.920 ± 0.018 | 2.620 ± 0.005 | 2.60 | 15.62 ± 0.53 | 6.34 ± 0.22 |
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Tamayo, P.; Pacheco, J.; Thomas, C.; de Brito, J.; Rico, J. Mechanical and Durability Properties of Concrete with Coarse Recycled Aggregate Produced with Electric Arc Furnace Slag Concrete. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 216. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10010216
Tamayo P, Pacheco J, Thomas C, de Brito J, Rico J. Mechanical and Durability Properties of Concrete with Coarse Recycled Aggregate Produced with Electric Arc Furnace Slag Concrete. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(1):216. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10010216
Chicago/Turabian StyleTamayo, Pablo, Joao Pacheco, Carlos Thomas, Jorge de Brito, and Jokin Rico. 2020. "Mechanical and Durability Properties of Concrete with Coarse Recycled Aggregate Produced with Electric Arc Furnace Slag Concrete" Applied Sciences 10, no. 1: 216. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10010216
APA StyleTamayo, P., Pacheco, J., Thomas, C., de Brito, J., & Rico, J. (2020). Mechanical and Durability Properties of Concrete with Coarse Recycled Aggregate Produced with Electric Arc Furnace Slag Concrete. Applied Sciences, 10(1), 216. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10010216