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Article

The Impact of Entrepreneurial Passion on the Entrepreneurial Intention; Moderating Impact of Perception of University Support

by
Temoor Anjum
1,2,*,
Petra Heidler
3,*,
Azadeh Amoozegar
2 and
Rao Tahir Anees
2
1
Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, Ilma University, Karachi 72400, Pakistan
2
Centre of Post-Graduate Studies, Limkokwing University of Creative Technology, Cyberjaya 63000, Malaysia
3
Department of International Business and Export Management, IMC University of Applied Sciences Krems, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Adm. Sci. 2021, 11(2), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci11020045
Submission received: 13 March 2021 / Revised: 10 April 2021 / Accepted: 19 April 2021 / Published: 26 April 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entrepreneurial Intentions–Taking in the Context)
Browse Figure
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Passion is fundamental to starting a business because it stimulates motivation, improves intellectual activity, and provides meaning for daily work. This research investigates the role of entrepreneurial passion as a prelude to entrepreneurial intention. The theory of planned behavior was used as an underpinning theory. A conceptual framework was developed and tested to determine their contributions to entrepreneurial intentions. The correlation between entrepreneurial passion and entrepreneurial intentions is moderated by perception of university support to determine if it enhances the entrepreneurial intention to become a successful entrepreneur. The sample (N = 395) was identified using a convenience sampling technique and is comprised of university business students in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. The questionnaire comprised two sections used for data collection, and Smart-PLS was used to analyze the hypotheses. The findings have indicated that there is a strong positive relationship between entrepreneurial passion and entrepreneurial intentions. The analysis showed that the concept of university support alleviates the relationship between entrepreneurial passion and entrepreneurial intention. The moderation effect of perception of university support on the association between entrepreneurial passion and entrepreneurial intention was recognized in this study. Thus, it called for exploring this moderating effect from other perspectives. As an implication to policy, the government bodies should ensure students have access to an entrepreneurial atmosphere. Specifically, the ministry of education and HEC Pakistan could consider this for the design of university syllabuses, thereby leading to more impactful education of entrepreneurship.

1. Introduction

Entrepreneurship is the foundation and engine of any economic development of the country. Entrepreneurship is a competitive behavior that drives not only the new market and employment creation but also the work of innovation in the market that can pay to economic growth. The role of an entrepreneur is like a locomotive of economic broadening and job establishment, and it is also the driver of innovation in a country (Mandongwe and Jaravaza 2020). Promoting individual entrepreneurship has always been a focus of business research, which has led to a multitude of studies trying to recognize the factors that predict entrepreneurial intention. Entrepreneurial intention is well known for being a reliable predictor of actual entrepreneurial behavior (Anjum et al. 2018c, 2019; Fayolle and Liñán 2014). Entrepreneurial intention developed a person’s interest in doing a business rather than a job. Since intention is considered the best predictive factor for behavior, an in-depth understanding of parameters affecting EI is essential for evaluating business behavior (Ajzen 1991; Krueger et al. 2000).
Among the factors identified is Entrepreneurial Passion (EP), which is considered an important feature of supporting and driving an entrepreneurial career, along with EI (Biraglia and Kadile 2016). EP is a strong positive feeling experienced by consciously gaining strong positive emotion and participating in business activities related to a role that is meaningful to the self-identification of the entrepreneur (Cardon et al. 2009). Earlier research has confirmed that entrepreneurial passion can build self-confidence and influence EI inpeople who are not yet formally or actively involved in entrepreneurship (de Mol et al. 2019; Karimi 2019). EP motivates entrepreneurs to identify opportunities and construct new businesses, and it shows that passion is seen as an important part of business motivation, and success leads to EI (Collewaert et al. 2016; Murnieks et al. 2014). Given its crucial role in the business process, it would be important to understand how EP relates to EI and the subsequent experience. Most passion studies focus on individual EP in relation to the results associated with organizations and other results that are behavioral (Murnieks et al. 2016). Therefore, entrepreneurial passion is an important factor in entrepreneurial intentions, and research needs a deeper understanding of the fundamental importance of EP for entrepreneurial actions.
Considering the socio-economic benefits of entrepreneurship between fresh students, most academic institutions, governments, and other public strategy supporters are interested in learning about factors that shape EI and create an ecosystem conducive to new entrepreneurship. Thus, it is important to understand the psychological and contextual factors affecting EI, one of which is EP (Anjum et al. 2018b; Türk et al. 2020). Personal and social factors, including the impact of the university environment on EI, but the part of university support in promoting intent should be established appropriately. The reshaping of students’ intention in the learning process is very eastern (Liñán et al. 2011). Therefore, a delicate understanding of this relationship is essential. This study presents the view that university support is a possible host of these relationships.
It should be a prime objective of higher education institutions teaching graduates to look for work and create employment opportunities. Entrepreneurial intention is a construction that is commonly used in the examination of the effect of entrepreneurial education (Joensuu-Salo et al. 2020). Entrepreneurs in Pakistan say that the academic community lacks entrepreneurial spirit, including its university environment activities (Farrukh et al. 2016). The discussion and application of entrepreneurial universities fit a hot topic in the academy. However, many universities’ focal point is the academic world, and few universities are involved in the world of professionals and entrepreneurs (Saeed et al. 2013).
In the context of the previous argument, the two main objectives of this research are: first, it employs diverse contexts to validate EP (founding, inventing, developing) and EI, thus expanding the universality of these relationships in business literature; second, this study provides a detailed understanding of the EP and EI relationship by suggesting and validates the moderating role of Perception of University Support (PUS). These findings further clarify possible situations in different aspects of the EP-EI relationship and understand how an enabling environment to shore up PUS characteristics can lead to high EI, even with limited resources.

2. Literature Review

Passion is an observable phenomenon in the business process, and the lack of passion leads to the disconnection of entrepreneurs, which leads to the collapse of entrepreneurship (Cardon and Kirk 2015). Therefore, given the critical role of passion in business success, it is logical to develop passion before generating risk. By participating in business activities related to your own significant identity, you can consciously obtain a strong positive feeling. A strong positive attitude is directed at events that are important to the individual and, therefore, more persistent (Cardon et al. 2009; de Mol et al. 2019). Since other studies have identified the importance of persistence as a critical driver of business success and entrepreneurial passion is an essential contributor to this persistence, it is perhaps unique (de Mol et al. 2019). Therefore, we must study the passion and explore it further.

2.1. Entrepreneurial Passion to Entrepreneurial Intention

Entrepreneurial passion is an important factor for entrepreneurial intentions. Therefore, researchers demand a greater understanding of the fundamental importance of passion for their entrepreneurial activities (Cardon et al. 2009). A study conducted on passion, and more, focus on personal entrepreneurial passions related to organizational results and behavioral outcomes, emphasizing entrepreneurial intentions (Cardon et al. 2013). Studies that link passion with intention are indirect, often dealing with passion as a regulator between individual factors and intentions and as a precursor to constructs that affect intention (Murnieks et al. 2014). A current business environment requires the constant feedback of new startups, usually the development of high startups. There appears to be a lack of entrepreneurial drive in developed countries with a generally high education level (Joensuu et al. 2013).
The requirement to measure EP is that we believe the strong positive emotions of passion and the relevance of identity centers to tasks and activities that are particularly relevant to entrepreneurship (Collewaert et al. 2016). Although the overall task of being an entrepreneur may be an object of passion, a more rational approach focuses on three different parts. Entrepreneurs may experience these differences, but they are always at the core of the business process in a variety of ways. The first is to invent new products or services, the second is to establish new organizations, and the third is to develop these organizations after their initial survival and accomplishment (Cardon et al. 2009; Cardon et al. 2013). Each function involves a different set of tasks and activities that reflect challenges related to the business process’s additional features (Cardon et al. 2013).
These three passionate roles of invention, creation and development are essentially multidimensional in the areas of activity associated with entrepreneurship. In practice, EP’s experience with these activities can vary, both from the background and challenges faced by entrepreneurs at every stage of the company’s development, as well as by the specific experience and life experience of different entrepreneurs (Cardon et al. 2005; Cardon et al. 2013). This means that the understanding of the EP does not need to be unified in all three areas, and the entrepreneur’s passion for a particular activity may vary. This means that EP levels three areas may vary depending on the sex, age, point of education, or current age of the entrepreneur to start a business and the number of startups in the past (Cardon et al. 2013).
Activities related to the invention and scanning of environments to find novel market opportunities, develop new products or services, and use the new model. Entrepreneurship is often associated with significant changes in economic or social patterns (Cardon et al. 2009; Cardon et al. 2013). Some entrepreneurs are looking for innovative ideas more deeply and more often than others. The desire to bring new solutions to the market is often an important motivation for entrepreneurs (Katbla and Ahuja 2002). People passionate about inventions can actively seek new opportunities, enjoy the presentation of new concepts of products or services, and enjoy the invention of new solutions. These people like to patch new product designs and explore their expression in specific applications (Cardon et al. 2009; Cardon et al. 2013).
The passion for inventing is related to the integration of the financial, human, and social resources needed to create a new business. For many entrepreneurs, the desire to build an organization is an important motivating factor. The founder’s role is complex and central to the self-concept of the entrepreneur (Cardon et al. 2009; Cardon et al. 2013). Entrepreneurs often need achievement, as reflected in establishment activities, which demonstrate that they have achieved some business achievements. Entrepreneurs passionate about entrepreneurship mainly enjoy the entrepreneurship process and often expand identities that are intertwined with business characteristics (Cardon et al. 2005). For example, an entrepreneur with a high entrepreneurial passion is a regular entrepreneur. This refers to people who have launched several new businesses in their careers (Westhead and Wright 2015). Some of these entrepreneurs are interested in starting a business and quickly entrust business management to others or sell the company to start their next company or invention (Wardatulaina et al. 2017).
The passion for development is related to the growth and expansion of startups. Many entrepreneurs are not motivated by a desire to find an organization but by consciously developing and expanding their businesses (Cardon et al. 2009; Cardon et al. 2013). These people tend to present organizational management strategies that are different from those of their peers. They also begin to depend on different management styles to interact with key stakeholders in a manner that facilitates the continued expansion of the organization (Bazzy et al. 2019). In many cases, entrepreneurs with a high degree of enthusiasm for development do so in their own startups, and it is equally reasonable for non-entrepreneurs to experience entry into existing startups and development in more sustainable, valuable, or sustainable startups (Cardon et al. 2013).
Furthermore, extensive studies on EI have empirically shown that EP is a significant analyst of EI (Neneh 2020; Karimi 2019; Biraglia and Kadile 2016; Anjum et al. 2020b). Some studies have also conceptually and empirically investigated the role of entrepreneurial passion or its proxies in the entrepreneurship process, and especially about variables like venture growth, behavior, and or entrepreneurial action. The past studies had been much in line with the conceptualization of entrepreneurial passion as harmonious, resulting in positive affect and engaging willingly in a chosen enjoyable activity (Vallerand et al. 2003; Mageau and Vallerand 2007; Vallerand et al. 2008). Based on the arguments stated above, the following research hypotheses were developed:
Hypotheses 1 (H1).
EPI is positively associated with EI.
Hypotheses 2 (H2).
EPF is positively associated with EI.
Hypotheses 3 (H3).
EPD is positively associated with EI.

2.2. The Moderating Role of Perception of University Support

Universities are considered a source of fostering innovation and entrepreneurial spirit. Universities can play a significant role in positively manipulating students’ intentions and efforts toward entrepreneurship and making them able to develop a new venture (Anjum et al. 2021). Universities can provide support in specific ways by instilling the skills and knowledge necessary for business creation. Universities can also provide targeted support to the students. The targeted support may include help in concept development and starting a new business (Anjum et al. 2020b).
Therefore, universities should play a key role in promoting entrepreneurship and encouraging students to use it as a viable professional option. Although few researchers have analyzed the role of entrepreneurship education in the training of student EI (Souitaris et al. 2007), the role of universities has not been studied as a provider and enabler of an environment conducive to nurturing EI leading to new venture creation (Ali and Abou 2020). For developing economies, mainly developing Asian economies, there is a scarcity of research on the relationship between EI with PUS (Nabi et al. 2017). Anjum et al. (2018a) and Turker and Selcuk (2009) believe that entrepreneurship education, especially the university education system, plays a vital part in the growth of students’ entrepreneurial intentions.
Since universities support students in a variety of ways, it is important to understand the effectiveness of these initiatives and the degree to which they can influence students to make entrepreneurship a career choice (Mustafa et al. 2016). According to Neneh (2020), support can be obtained in the form of physical resources, emotional support, and financial assistance (scholarships). In this study, only university support will be considered as specific educational courses, loans to a startup business, workshops, motivational support, and internship programs.
Additionally, it has been suggested that entrepreneurial intensity, which is a proxy for EP, is related to intuitive intentions. Passion is, therefore, seen to produce the feeling and the experience of getting closer to entrepreneurial activities among students (Bonneville-Roussy et al. 2013). The attitude, behavior, and entrepreneurial indulgence of students can foster the intention and desire to initiate new business endeavors in the future (Ahmed et al. 2019; Anjum et al. 2020c). Thus, entrepreneurial intention among students is a dynamic and vibrant area that needs further exploration to grasp and appreciate the technique for instituting new businesses. The tendency to start a business is influenced by certain aspects, such as internships and incubators of companies supported by the university (Fayolle and Gailly 2015).
While people with a high degree of passion for entrepreneurship have confidence in their business knowledge and skills and are more likely to have a high willingness to start a business, the positive impact is unlikely to be consistent with everyone (Neneh 2020). Developing entrepreneurship intention among students seems to be a collective task. Entrepreneurial orientation, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, business incubation program, facilitation, and social support system may have a complex and mutual influence on students’ feelings and emotions, which intensifies entrepreneurial intentions (Saeed et al. 2015; Adekiya and Ibrahim 2016).
There is a need for university support and motivation to enhance EI of the students. Given the lack of literature, this study mainly analyses universities’ key regulatory role in growing students’ EI. The support obtained from the university is essential to change a person’s belief in their ability to perform a number of tasks and to increase a person’s motivation and desire to start a business (Lee et al. 2011; Sahban et al. 2016). Furthermore, previous studies have observed that the university environment indirectly influenced entrepreneurial intentions. In contrast, the university environment’s role in promoting aim by strengthening the effects of factors known to influence intention needs to be established (Aman et al. 2012). Therefore, this study assumes that entrepreneurial passion (inventing, founding, and developing) directly impacts EI, which the PUS will moderate. Accordingly, the following assumptions can be set:
Hypotheses 4 (H4).
PUS moderates the relationship between EPI and EI Entrepreneurial Intention.
Hypotheses 5 (H5).
PUS moderates the relationship between EPF and EI Entrepreneurial Intention.
Hypotheses 6 (H6).
PUS moderates the relationship between EPD and EI Entrepreneurial Intention.

3. Research Framework

Figure 1 introduces a conceptual model that explains how entrepreneurial passion affects the EI moderate impact of PUS. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) has been an influential model in offering a sound and mostly applicable theoretical framework to improve the understanding and prediction of entrepreneurial intention and considerpersonal and social factors (Nyock et al. 2014; Ajzen 2011; Ferreira et al. 2016; Iglesias-Sánchez et al. 2019). The purpose of TPB is to explain how a person’s interests reflect the conduct or behavior of a person doing something (Ajzen 1991). TPB was used because of its comprehensive, compatible theoretical specification and the large amount of cross-disciplinary research dedicated to testing, expanding, and criticizing the intention model (Joensuu et al. 2015). After this argument, passion is expected to have a positive relationship with EI. This association is supported by extensive research (Anjum et al. 2020b; Karimi 2019; Neneh 2020).
Farrukh et al. (2017) already validated EI in the Pakistani context with a Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.798. The Entrepreneurial Passion Scale was adopted from Cardon et al. (2013), which was in the Pakistani context with a CR value of 0.789 (Anjum et al. 2020a; Anjum et al. 2018b). Both scales consist of six and five items, respectively. Perception ofuniversity support was adopted from Keat et al. (2011) and tested by Anjum et al. (2020b, 2021). The questionnaire of this study is added in Appendix A for further use.

4. Methodology

The data described in this paper were collected as part of a large study designed to test the relationship between Entrepreneurial Passions that shape Entrepreneurial Intention. A survey was conducted among only business students specializing in entrepreneurship in Pakistan. The sample (N = 395) was identified using a convenience sampling technique and is comprised of university students in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. First, students taking these courses are more likely to start a company. Second, students face crucial career choices in their final year and are considered to have a good idea of their future what they wanted to do (Farrukh et al. 2019a). For this research, a cross-sectional and quantitative research design was used based on the survey method. Structural equation modeling (SEM) of partial least squares (PLS) was used to analyze the results, and Smart-PLS was used to run the PLS-SEM (Farrukh et al. 2019b; Nazar et al. 2020; Zreen et al. 2019). PLS-SEM is used in 95% of studies related to entrepreneurship (Manley et al. 2020).

5. Data Analysis

PLS-SEM is a two-step procedure that involves evaluation measurement and structural models (Anderson and Gerbing 1988; Ansari et al. 2021), which can demonstrate a study’s robustness by exemplifying measuring, mediating, and moderating variables in a hierarchical model. In this study, PLS outperforms covariance-based SEM (CB-SEM) in estimating a formative hierarchical model by avoiding the various constraints of CB-SEM model complexity, which supports existing entrepreneurship studies (Manley et al. 2020). The evaluation of the measurement model includes the assessment of factor loading (0.70 threshold value). Composite reliability (0.70 threshold value), average variance extracted (0.50 threshold value), and discriminant validity (Hair et al. 2017). Table 1 shows that all the latent variables’ factor loadings were well above the threshold value of 0.70. Next, we assessed the composite reliability (CR) and average variance extracted (AVE). CR is the internal consistency of the items in the scale. In contrast, AVE is the measure of the amount of variance that is captured by a construct in relation to the amount of variance due to measurement error (Hair et al. 2017). Table 1 also shows that CR and AVE’s threshold values are achieved hence fulfill the requirement of the CR and AVE (Hair et al. 2017).
For this, the DV the AVE value’s square root should be greater than the square correlation with other structures (Fornell and Larcker 1981). Table 2 results indicate that the DV has been completed and that the latent structure’s correlation is compared with the square root of the average variance extracted (Fornell and Larcker 1981). Table 1 also shows each square root of the average variance obtained exceeds the underlying structure’s correlation. Therefore, this indicates that enough DV has been achieved.
According to (Hair et al. 2017), there are various strategies to analyzing the DV: the Fornell–Larcker criterion and the cross loading heterotrait–monotrait ratio (HTMT). Because of the weaknesses of the Fornell–Larcker criterion and the HTMT criterion is also used in this study; thus, we used the HTMT ratio, as suggested by Henseler et al. 2009. The results presented in Table 3 show that HTMT values are below the fundamental assumption of 0.85, indicating that there is no DV challenge.

5.1. Structural Model Assessment

A structural model assessment is used to evaluate the relationship between latent constructs and validate the conceptual model (Hair et al. 2014; Wong 2013). After evaluating the measurement model, the present research examined the structural model by performing bootstrap on 5000 replicates to evaluate the significance of path coefficient significance (Hair et al. 2017; Henseler et al. 2009). (H1), (H2), and (H3) were supported entirely, meaning EP (inventing, founding, and developing) positively impacted EI and can improve students’ EI as we can see these effects are shown in Table 4.

5.2. Moderation Analysis

In this study, it is assumed that (H4), (H5), and (H6) can demonstrate the moderating effect of perception of university support on the relationship between entrepreneurial passion for inventing, entrepreneurial passion for founding, entrepreneurial passion for developing, and entrepreneurial intention. Andrew F. Hayes used the 5000 boot effect to perform an interactive effect check on SPSS using Model 1 in process macro v3.0 (Hayes 2007). The results report that perception of university support positively moderates the relationship between entrepreneurial passion (inventing, founding, and developing). The results of the moderation study that revealed the constructive linkages are seen in Table 5. The effect of restraint must then be contrasted with the direct impact, which identifies that perception of university support has been a larger impact.

5.3. Coefficients of Determination (R2)

R2 value obtained could interpret the structural model’s strength, therefore indicating the exogenous variables’ explanatory variance in the endogenous variable (Hair et al. 2017). The combined effect of variables on endogenous latent variable EI is 0.531, indicating a positive relationship of the variables’ total impact.

5.4. Discussion

EP plays a vital role in the development of EI in students. Very few studies have been conducted to empirically test the association between EPI, EPF, EPD, and EI. This study aims to fill this gap. The aim of the study is to examine the impact of EP on EI and the moderating role of PUS. The findings indicate that there is a significant and positive relationship between EPI (β = 0.104, p < 0.000), EPF (β = 0.217, p < 0.001), and EPD (β = 0.098, p < 0.002) with EI. Therefore, hypotheses (H1), (H2), and (H3) are supported. The literature supports this view, that EP has a substantial part in the growth of EI. Therefore, the findings of the earlier studies also support the impact between these constructs (Cardon et al. 2013; Anjum et al. 2020b; Karimi 2019). Further, we already have identified with the results that PUS moderated the impact EP (inventing, founding, and developing) on EI.
Unemployment is at historic highs in most developing economies at the time of this publication, and governments need to adopt a policy to promote entrepreneurship as a means of lowering unemployment. Evidence shows the development of EI is vital to the existence of startups (Biraglia and Kadile 2016). Across 50 economies—including 11 in Europe—less than 2% of adults start new businesses; at the same time, low entrepreneurship rates, along with common growth aspirations, significantly reduce the employment potential of startups. Early-Stage entrepreneurship activity varies widely across the globe; only 1% of adults in seven economies—Canada, the United States, Panama, Germany, Ireland, Cyprus, and Puerto Rico—appear remarkably consistent to start new businesses or services. No one in their sample of entrepreneurs were starting a business and setting up new products or services in six economies Brazil, India, Pakistan, Oman, Belarus, or Morocco (Bosma et al. 2020). In this regard, the present study explores the mechanism by which EP influences the EI via the moderating role of the PUS.

6. Conclusions

The importance of entrepreneurship in creating wealth in society and businesses has been emphasized by many scholars. Entrepreneurship represents a driving force for the creation of new job opportunities, regional and national competitiveness and growth, and having substantial economic and social benefits (Vodă and Florea 2019; Farrukh et al. 2018; Harris et al. 2014). Although a vast variety of factors play a significant role in the decision to become an entrepreneur, our main focus was directed towards the role of passion towards entrepreneurial intention and role of university support for the students. Passion has a significant impact on entrepreneurs’ behavior and performance, and it is essential to understand how entrepreneurial passion develops over time. Passion is determined by academia as a powerful and central driving force that influences business activities and efforts. A specific individual feature, entrepreneurial passion, can show a significant part in stockholder policy-making, counting angel stakeholders. This is because passion shows how entrepreneurs are willing to spend time and effort to make the business successful. Entrepreneurs can be more persuasive when they show high levels when positive and confidence (Anjum et al. 2018a; Obschonka et al. 2019).
In particular, the aim of this study was to examine whether and how EP affects the formation of EI within the TPB and moderation role of PUS. It was concluded that the entrepreneurial passion for inventing, founding, and developing have a significant positive association with entrepreneurial intention. Furthermore, the perception of university support has a positive moderating effect on entrepreneurial passion (inventing, founding, and developing) and entrepreneurial intention. In the entrepreneurship domain, a crucial attribute that needs to be well-established in every new startup is the entrepreneurial intention with passion. This study may involve educators (university support) who make increasingly focused contributions to potential entrepreneurs to discover their passions or identify new specific business aspects that will help them become more enthusiastic. Therefore, the development of passion is a necessary tool for the success of specific business activities. The research findings highlighted the association between these constructs and did research, which revealed that it is difficult to emphasize the association between passion and entrepreneurial intention. However, posited that passion is more useful for the enhancement of entrepreneurial intention if there is university support.
Additionally, the university’s contribution in developing the knowledge to identify entrepreneurial opportunities, determined to increase the consideration of the socio-economic on the entrepreneurial university, employed institutional economics, resource-based view, and endogenous growth approaches (Neneh 2020; Anjum et al. 2021). The reality about enterprise education came to light as practical-based entrepreneurial learning. Both government and university support failed to yield the expected result of graduate engagement in entrepreneurship behavior in both situations. There also seemed to be a mismatch between the program and the individual student’s personality, further revealing the complexity of graduate entrepreneurship (Ahmed et al. 2019). The study also encouraged the commercialization strategies essential to a university program in developing students’ capacity. Attention was, however, drawn to the evaluation of the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education and the reconsideration of applying support services by universities.

6.1. Theoretical and Practical Implications

Both theoretical and practical contributions are included in this research. A greater role of passion in recognizing student’s motives for their future acts is illustrated in this report. Adding PUS as the moderator of the EP–EI relationship creates a passion for research of the meaning behind entrepreneurship. These factors also expose the TPB hypothesis that additional exogenous variables such as passion indirectly affect individual intentions through their impact on the preceding intentions (Ajzen 1991). Moreover, the study also developed a non-Western context based on the role of EPs. Contemporary business research is mainly concentrated in Western countries, and this study increases the focus on emerging economies such as Pakistan. The current study adds to the literature by considering the EP influencing mechanism in a Pakistani context. This study’s practical importance is for training and education programs for current and future entrepreneurs (students) with university support. The results confirm the view that EP will be an important parameter in the EI configuration. Politicians and academics must, therefore, prioritize university programs, thus generating more influential business education. Educational entrepreneurship programs should emphasize technical skills such as business planning and emotional aspects (Zreen et al. 2019).

6.2. Limitations and Future Research

First, the study sample was narrow to business students studying in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. Therefore, the student sample may not represent common student behavior in Pakistan. Second, the current study is based on cross-cutting information. Like all cross-sectional studies, correlation evidence should be interpreted with caution before a causal relationship is assumed. Third, convenience sampling was used to select and approach students, and the study sample size of N = 395 is significant but not large. Hence, future studies could collect additional data from all provinces of Pakistan for more rigorous and reliable results. Thus, testing and analyzing the present study framework in other nations or regions such as Austria, China, or Spain with significant cultural differences can offer fruitful findings. Demographics could also play a role in determining EI, and it is recommended that future studies be conducted to assess their impact. Future studies would benefit from experiments and longitudinal design to clarify causation.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, T.A.; methodology, T.A., A.A., P.H.; formal analysis, T.A., A.A.; investigation, T.A and R.T.A.; writing—original draft preparation, T.A.; writing—review and editing, P.H. and T.A.; project administration, T.A. and P.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data can be provided on request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Appendix A

Questionnaire items
1. 
Entrepreneurial Passion for Inventing
  • It is thrilling to understand new ways to resolve virgin market requirements, which can become realized.
  • I am looking for fresh ideas for products/services to propose and make them realistic.
  • I am motivated to upgrade the existing products/services.
  • Coming up with new and improved solutions to problems is an essential part of who I am.
  • Examining the work environment for fresh opportunities motivates me.
2. 
Entrepreneurial Passion for Founding
  • Setting up a new company makes me feel enthusiastic.
  • Having my own business energizes me.
  • Providing support to a new business model during its emerging success is scintillating.
  • To be the pioneer of a venture is an essential element of who I am.
3. 
Entrepreneurial Passion for Developing
  • I like finding the right people to market my product/service.
  • Assembling the right people to work for my business is exciting.
  • Pushing my employees and myself to make our company better motivates me.
  • Nurturing and growing companies is an essential part of who I am.
  • I really enjoy commercializing new products/services.
  • Expanding my company by offering new products and services excites me.
4. 
Perception of University Support
  • The entrepreneurship course provides students with the understanding required to begin a new business.
  • In my business school, students are receiving support to pursue their entrepreneurial career.
  • My university has well-functioning infrastructure support in place to support the startup of a new firm.
  • The innovative environment of my university encourages us to build up ideas for new startups.
  • In my university, I get to meet up with lots of people with creative and budding ideas.
5. 
Entrepreneurial Intention
  • I will choose a career as an entrepreneur.
  • I prefer to be an entrepreneur rather than to be an employee in a company an Organization.
  • The idea is appealing of one day starting your own business.
  • I want the freedom to express myself in my own business.
  • Intend to set up a company in the future.

References

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Admsci 11 00045 g001 550
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework.
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework.
Admsci 11 00045 g001
Table
Table 1. Measurement model (FL, Cronbach’s α, CR, and AVE).
Table 1. Measurement model (FL, Cronbach’s α, CR, and AVE).
Latent Variables Factor LoadingCronbach’s αCRAVE
Entrepreneurial Passion for Inventing 0.9590.9610.745
EPI10.785
EPI20.758
EPI30.715
EPI40.811
EPI50.825
Entrepreneurial Passion for Founding 0.8570.9020.720
EPF10.756
EPF20.714
EPF30.825
EPF40.854
Entrepreneurial Passion for Developing 0.8830.8940.669
EPD10.715
EPD20.749
EPD30.778
EPD40.732
EPD50.793
EPD60.801
Entrepreneurial Intention 0.9170.9290.708
EI10.785
EI20.809
EI30.779
EI40.821
EI50.819
Perception of University Support 0.95309510.685
PUS1 0.751
PUS2 0.723
PUS30.741
PUS40.749
PUS50.814
Table
Table 2. Discriminant validity (Fornell and Larcker criteria).
Table 2. Discriminant validity (Fornell and Larcker criteria).
ConstructsEIEPFEPIEPDPUS
EI0.841
EPF0.6540.848
EPI0.6580.4580.863
EPD 0.4510.6520.6110.817
PUS0.5920.5960.4960.6580.827
Table
Table 3. Discriminant validity (HTMT Ratio).
Table 3. Discriminant validity (HTMT Ratio).
ConstructsEIEPFEPIEPDPUS
EI
EPF0.369
EPI0.4090.357
EPD 0.4010.4960.489
PUS0.3990.5590.3590.521
Table
Table 4. Direct Effect.
Table 4. Direct Effect.
HypothesisPathPath Coefficientt-Statisticsp-Values
(H1)EPI→ EI0.1043.1250.000
(H2)EPF →EI0.2172.9870.002
(H3)EPD → EI0.0983.2590.001
Table
Table 5. Moderation Effect.
Table 5. Moderation Effect.
HypothesisPathPath Coefficientt-Statisticsp-Values
(H4)Entrepreneurial Passion for Inventing -> EI0.2592.9700.000
(H5)Entrepreneurial
Passion for Founding -> EI		0.3153.1250.002
(H6)Entrepreneurial
Passion forDeveloping -> EI		0.2362.1920.001
Note—Interaction was found to be significant at the 1% meaning level, i.e., p < 0.01 using Andrew F. Hayes process macros with orientation to 5000.
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Anjum, T.; Heidler, P.; Amoozegar, A.; Anees, R.T. The Impact of Entrepreneurial Passion on the Entrepreneurial Intention; Moderating Impact of Perception of University Support. Adm. Sci. 2021, 11, 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci11020045

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Anjum T, Heidler P, Amoozegar A, Anees RT. The Impact of Entrepreneurial Passion on the Entrepreneurial Intention; Moderating Impact of Perception of University Support. Administrative Sciences. 2021; 11(2):45. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci11020045

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Anjum, Temoor, Petra Heidler, Azadeh Amoozegar, and Rao Tahir Anees. 2021. "The Impact of Entrepreneurial Passion on the Entrepreneurial Intention; Moderating Impact of Perception of University Support" Administrative Sciences 11, no. 2: 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci11020045

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