Screening of Pioneer Metallophyte Plant Species with Phytoremediation Potential at a Severely Contaminated Hg and As Mining Site
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- To identify and describe species growing in a paradigmatic mining area affected by As, Hg, and Pb contamination.
- To determine PTEs contents (in soils, roots, and aerial parts) and behavior of most representative plant species.
- To assess the selection of the most suitable combination of plant species to design phytoremediation strategies.
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Plant Classification
2.3. Soil and Plant Sampling
2.4. Soil Analyses
2.5. Plant Analyses
2.6. Data Analysis
Accumulation Factors
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Description of the Identified Plant Species
3.2. Physicochemical Characterization of Soil Samples
3.3. PTEs in Soil–Plant System
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CoI | Coating Index |
PTEs | Potentially Toxic Elements |
BCF | Bioaccumulation Factor |
TF | Translocation Factor |
MR | Mobility Ratio |
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Coating Index Categories | Description |
---|---|
1 | Quite abundant individuals but of weak coverage. Covering from 1% to 10% (Medium coating = 5%) |
2 | Very abundant individuals that cover at least 1/20 of the surface. Covering from 10% to 25% (Medium coating = 17.5) |
3 | Individuals of variable number, but who cover from ¼ to ½ of the surface. Covering from 25% to 50%. (Medium coating = 37.5%) |
4 | Individuals of variable number, but that cover of ½ to ¾ of the surface. Coating from 50% to 75%. (Medium coating = 62.5%) |
Identified Species | Botanical Family | Coating Index (CoI) |
---|---|---|
Agrostis tenuis L. | Poaceae | 4 |
Betula celtiberica Rothm. & Vasc. | Betulaceae | 4 |
Calluna vulgaris L. Hull | Ericaceae | 4 |
Dactylis glomerata L. | Poaceae | 4 |
Plantago lanceolata L. | Plantaginaceae | 4 |
Salix atrocinerea Brot. | Salicaceae | 4 |
Trifolium repens L. | Fabaceae | 4 |
Agrostis capillaris L. | Poaceae | 3 |
Cornus sanguinea L. | Cornaceae | 3 |
Lolium perenne L. | Poaceae | 3 |
Lotus hispidus Desf. ex DC. | Fabaceae | 3 |
Medicago lupulina L. | Fabaceae | 3 |
Pastinaca sativa L. subsp. sylvestris (Mill.) Rouy & Camus | Apiaceae | 3 |
Piptatherum miliaceum L. Coss. | Poaceae | 3 |
Sonchus asper L. Hill | Asteraceae | 3 |
Sonchus oleraceus L. | Asteraceae | 3 |
Holcus lanatus L. | Poaceae | 3 |
Hypericum pulchrum L. | Hypericaceae | 3 |
Cirsium vulgare L. Scop. | Asteraceae | 2 |
Conyza canadensis L. Cronquist | Asteraceae | 2 |
Desmazeria rigida L. Tutin (= Catapodium rigidum) | Poaceae | 2 |
Lolium perenne L. | Poaceae | 2 |
Lotus corniculatus L. | Fabaceae | 2 |
Poa annua L. | Poaceae | 2 |
Prunella vulgaris L. | Lamiaceae | 2 |
Pteridium aquilinum L. Kuhn | Dennstaedtiaceae | 2 |
Rubus gr. fruticosus L. | Rosaceae | 2 |
Sagina apetala Ard. | Caryophyllaceae | 2 |
Stellaria media L. | Caryophyllaceae | 2 |
Trifolium dubium Sibth. | Fabaceae | 2 |
Verbena officinalis L. | Verbenaceae | 2 |
Arabis glabra L. Bernh. | Brassicaceae | 1 |
Blechnum spicant L. Roth | Blechnaceae | 1 |
Festuca nigrescens Lam. | Poaceae | 1 |
Hedera Helix L. | Araliaceae | 1 |
Melilotus albus Medik. | Fabaceae | 1 |
Rubus ulmifolius Schott | Rosaceae | 1 |
Verbascum virgatum Stokes | Scrophulariaceae | 1 |
Vulpia bromoides L. Gray | Poaceae | 1 |
Soil Parameter | Units | Average | Std. Deviation |
---|---|---|---|
pH | 1:2.5 H2O | 7.67 | 0.82 |
C.E 1 | dS m−1 | 0.01 | 0.001 |
Sand | % | 89.49 | 4.50 |
Silt | % | 6.36 | 3.99 |
Clay | % | 5.45 | 1.66 |
O.M 2 | % | 6.25 | 0.78 |
C | % | 9.43 | 1.03 |
N (total) | % | 0.17 | 0.07 |
C/N 3 | - | 58.30 | 14.11 |
Fe | mg kg−1 | 8.33 | 3.01 |
PM3 4 | mg kg−1 | 1.70 | 0.61 |
Ex Ca | cmol(+)kg−1 | 17.07 | 0.65 |
Ex Mg | cmol(+)kg−1 | 1.55 | 0.07 |
Ex K | cmol(+)kg−1 | 1.83 | 0.16 |
Ex Na | cmol(+)kg−1 | 1.60 | 0.21 |
E.C.E.C 5 | cmol(+)kg−1 | 22.35 | 1.60 |
Specie | Element | Concentration (mg·kg−1 = ppm) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Soil | Aerial Parts | Roots | ||
Agrostis tenuis | As | 197 | 3 | 23 |
Hg | 131 | 5 | 18 | |
Betula celtiberica | As | 107 | 9 | 15 |
Hg | 238 | 2 | 8 | |
Calluna vulgaris | As | 24,600 | 571 | 1270 |
Pb | 105 | 11 | 10 | |
Dactylis glomerata | As | 180 | 28 | 11 |
Hg | 260 | 5 | 9 | |
Plantago lanceolata | As | 177 | 12 | 26 |
Hg | 132 | 9 | 16 | |
Trifolium repens | As | 142 | 6 | 15 |
Hg | 222 | 3 | 8 | |
Salix atrocinerea | As | 112 | 6 | 12 |
Hg | 229 | 2 | 5 |
Specie | BCF | TF | MR | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
As | Hg | Pb | As | Hg | Pb | As | Hg | Pb | |
A. tenuis | 0.12 | 0.14 | - | 0.13 | 0.27 | 0.01 | 0.04 | ||
B. celtiberica | 0.14 | 0.03 | - | 0.59 | 0.27 | 0.08 | 0.01 | ||
C. vulgaris | 0.05 | - | 0.09 | 0.45 | - | 1.13 | 0.02 | - | 0.11 |
D. glomerata | 0.06 | 0.03 | - | 2.54 | 0.54 | - | 0.15 | 0.02 | - |
P. lanceolata | 0.15 | 0.12 | - | 0.45 | 0.55 | - | 0.07 | 0.06 | - |
T. repens | 0.10 | 0.04 | - | 0.45 | 0.38 | - | 0.05 | 0.01 | |
S. atrocinerea | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.45 | 0.38 | - | 0.05 | 0.01 |
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Matanzas, N.; Afif, E.; Díaz, T.E.; Gallego, J.L.R. Screening of Pioneer Metallophyte Plant Species with Phytoremediation Potential at a Severely Contaminated Hg and As Mining Site. Environments 2021, 8, 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments8070063
Matanzas N, Afif E, Díaz TE, Gallego JLR. Screening of Pioneer Metallophyte Plant Species with Phytoremediation Potential at a Severely Contaminated Hg and As Mining Site. Environments. 2021; 8(7):63. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments8070063
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatanzas, Nora, Elías Afif, Tomás Emilio Díaz, and José Luis R. Gallego. 2021. "Screening of Pioneer Metallophyte Plant Species with Phytoremediation Potential at a Severely Contaminated Hg and As Mining Site" Environments 8, no. 7: 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments8070063