Speech-Stimulating Substances in Autism Spectrum Disorders
by
María Andrea Castillo 1
,
Kendy Eduardo Urdaneta 1,2,
Neomar Semprún-Hernández 1,3,
Anna Lisa Brigida 4,
Nicola Antonucci 5,
Stephen Schultz 6 and
Dario Siniscalco 7,8,*
María Andrea Castillo 1,
Kendy Eduardo Urdaneta 1,2,
Neomar Semprún-Hernández 1,3,
Anna Lisa Brigida 4,
Nicola Antonucci 5,
Stephen Schultz 6 and
Dario Siniscalco 7,8,*
1
Research Division, Autism Immunology Unit of Maracaibo, Maracaibo 4001, Venezuela
2
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4001, Venezuela
3
Catedra libre de Autismo, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo 4001, Venezuela
4
Italian Group for Studying Autism—GISA, 25018 Brescia, Italy
5
Biomedical Centre for Autism Research and Treatment, 70126 Bari, Italy
6
Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
7
Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania, 80138 Napoli, Italy
8
Centre for Autism-La Forza del Silenzio, 81036 Caserta, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Behav. Sci. 2019, 9(6), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs9060060
Received: 24 May 2019 / Revised: 10 June 2019 / Accepted: 11 June 2019 / Published: 12 June 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuroinflammation, Neuroplasticity and Early Stimulation in Neurodevelopmental Disorders)
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by the core domains of persistent deficits in social communication and restricted-repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities. A heterogeneous and complex set of neurodevelopmental conditions are grouped in the spectrum. Pro-inflammatory events and immune system dysfunctions are cellular and molecular events associated with ASD. Several conditions co-occur with ASD: seizures, gastro-intestinal problems, attention deficit, anxiety and depression, and sleep problems. However, language and speech issues are key components of ASD symptoms current therapies find difficult to face. Several speech-stimulating substances have been shown to be effective in increasing speech ability in ASD subjects. The need for large clinical trials to determine safety and efficacy is recommended.
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Keywords:
autism spectrum disorder; speech; language; nutrition
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MDPI and ACS Style
Castillo, M.A.; Urdaneta, K.E.; Semprún-Hernández, N.; Brigida, A.L.; Antonucci, N.; Schultz, S.; Siniscalco, D. Speech-Stimulating Substances in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Behav. Sci. 2019, 9, 60.
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