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Review

Eudaimonia as Personal Growth: Decades of Research and Needed Future Directions

Department of Psychology & Institute on Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(6), 966; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16060966
Submission received: 6 April 2026 / Revised: 3 June 2026 / Accepted: 5 June 2026 / Published: 11 June 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experiences and Well-Being in Personal Growth)

Abstract

This article examined a conception of personal growth put forth in a multidimensional model of psychological well-being over 35 years ago. The model is widely used around the world. One key dimension of well-being is personal growth, which is examined in detail here. The conceptual underpinnings of this construct are reviewed, as well as its formal definition and empirical operationalization. Decades of scientific research about personal growth are selectively reviewed, focusing on factors that predict different levels of personal growth as well as how it is linked with other phenomena such as health, biological risk factors, and cognitive capacities. Future directions in the science and practice of personal growth are put forth, including the need to address obstacles to personal growth tied to widening inequality, the role of the arts and humanities in nurturing personal becoming, and the need to elevate virtue and ethics as core features of eudaimonia, with exemplars from human history provided.
Keywords: personal growth; eudaimonia; demographic factors; health outcomes; inequality; vital inputs; virtue and ethics personal growth; eudaimonia; demographic factors; health outcomes; inequality; vital inputs; virtue and ethics

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ryff, C.D. Eudaimonia as Personal Growth: Decades of Research and Needed Future Directions. Behav. Sci. 2026, 16, 966. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16060966

AMA Style

Ryff CD. Eudaimonia as Personal Growth: Decades of Research and Needed Future Directions. Behavioral Sciences. 2026; 16(6):966. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16060966

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ryff, Carol D. 2026. "Eudaimonia as Personal Growth: Decades of Research and Needed Future Directions" Behavioral Sciences 16, no. 6: 966. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16060966

APA Style

Ryff, C. D. (2026). Eudaimonia as Personal Growth: Decades of Research and Needed Future Directions. Behavioral Sciences, 16(6), 966. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16060966

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