The Effect of Free Weight Resistance Training on Cognitive Function Explored Through Eye Tracking: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Approach to the Problem
2.2. Participants
2.3. Materials
2.3.1. RT Program
2.3.2. Processing
2.4. Procedures
2.4.1. Recording 1RM Procedures
2.4.2. Training Session Procedures
2.4.3. Eye-Tracking Task
2.5. Data Preparation
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
First-Pass Reading Times | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictor | Estimate | Std. Error | CI | Statistic | p |
(Intercept) | 52.73 | 4.12 | 44.59–60.86 | 12.78 | <0.001 |
Group [experimental] | 17.80 | 5.38 | 7.19–28.42 | 3.31 | 0.001 |
Moment [post] | −1.70 | 5.12 | −11.79–8.38 | −0.33 | 0.739 |
sdl [high] | 3.12 | 5.53 | −7.79–14.02 | 0.56 | 0.574 |
Group [experimental] × moment [post] | −12.01 | 7.77 | −27.34–3.31 | −1.55 | 0.124 |
Group [experimental] × sdl [high] | −27.68 | 7.12 | −41.72–−13.64 | −3.89 | <0.001 |
Moment [post] × sdl [high] | 3.13 | 6.94 | −10.56–16.82 | 0.45 | 0.653 |
(Group [experimental] × moment [post]) × sdl [high] | 25.52 | 10.25 | 5.31–45.73 | 2.49 | 0.014 |
Low Syntactic Complexity | High Syntactic Complexity |
---|---|
With an immense variety of visual techniques, technology increased the spectacularity of images on the big screen. | Technology, with an immense variety of visual techniques, increased the spectacularity of images on the big screen. |
Total Reading Times | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictors | Estimates | Std. Error | CI | Statistic | p |
(Intercept) | 8.59 | 0.15 | 8.28–8.89 | 55.45 | <0.001 |
Group [experimental] | 0.41 | 0.13 | 0.15–0.67 | 3.14 | 0.002 |
Moment [post] | −0.10 | 0.12 | −0.34–0.13 | −0.86 | 0.388 |
sdl [high] | 0.12 | 0.19 | −0.26–0.50 | 0.62 | 0.539 |
Group [experimental] × moment [post] | −0.24 | 0.19 | −0.61–0.13 | −1.28 | 0.202 |
Group [experimental] × sdl [high] | −0.36 | 0.16 | −0.68–−0.05 | −2.26 | 0.025 |
Moment [post] × sdl [high] | −0.14 | 0.16 | −0.45–0.17 | −0.88 | 0.381 |
(Group [experimental] × moment [post]) × sdl [high] | 0.35 | 0.23 | −0.11–0.81 | 1.49 | 0.138 |
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Variable | All (n = 18) | Experimental (n = 9) | Control (n = 9) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | 0.555 | |||
Women | 15 (83.3%) | 7 (38.9%) | 8 (44.4%) | |
Men | 3 (16.7%) | 2 (11.1%) | 1 (5.6%) | |
Age (years) | 21.0 ± 2.14 | 20.0 ± 0.86 | 22.0 ± 2.60 | 0.044 |
Height (cm) | 161 ± 0.07 | 1.62 ± 0.09 | 1.59 ± 0.04 | 0.340 |
Weight (kg) | 58.9 ± 10.3 | 62.3 ± 12.8 | 55.4 ± 5.66 | 0.159 |
BMI | 22.8 ± 3.49 | 23.6 ± 4.11 | 22.0 ± 2.75 | 0.338 |
Exercise | Week 1 | Week 2 | Week 3 | Week 4 | Week 5 | Week 6 | Week 7 | Week 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day 1 | ||||||||
High-bar squat | Int: 60% RM | Int: 65% RM | Int: 70% RM | Int: 75% RM | Int: 70% RM | Int: 75% RM | Int: 80% RM | |
Bar deadlift | Rep: 12 | Rep: 10 | Rep: 8 | Rep: 6 | Rep: 8 | Rep: 6 | Rep: 4 | Control |
Bulgarian squat | S: 2 | S: 2 | S: 2 | S: 2 | S: 3 | S: 3 | S: 3 | 1RM |
Dumbbell lunge | R: 2′ | R: 2′ | R: 2′ | R: 2′ | R: 2′ | R: 2′ | R: 2′ | |
Hip thrust | ||||||||
Day 2 | ||||||||
Bench press | Int: 60% RM | Int: 65% RM | Int: 70% RM | Int: 75% RM | Int: 70% RM | Int: 75% RM | Int: 80% RM | |
Close-grip bench press | Rep: 12 | Rep: 10 | Rep: 8 | Rep: 6 | Rep: 8 | Rep: 6 | Rep: 4 | Control |
Military press | S: 2 | S: 2 | S: 2 | S: 2 | S: 3 | S: 3 | S: 3 | 1RM |
Dumbbell bench press | R: 2′ | R: 2′ | R: 2′ | R: 2′ | R: 2′ | R: 2′ | R: 2′ | |
Dumbbell shoulder press | ||||||||
Day 3 | ||||||||
Bent-over bar row | Int: 60% RM | Int: 65% RM | Int: 70% RM | Int: 75% RM | Int: 70% RM | Int: 75% RM | Int: 80% RM | |
T-grip row | Rep: 12 | Rep: 10 | Rep: 8 | Rep: 6 | Rep: 8 | Rep: 6 | Rep: 4 | Control |
Close-grip row | S: 2 | S: 2 | S: 2 | S: 2 | S: 3 | S: 3 | S: 3 | 1RM |
Meadow row | R: 2′ | R: 2′ | R: 2′ | R: 2′ | R: 2′ | R: 2′ | R: 2′ | |
Dumbbell single-arm row |
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Mateluna-Núñez, C.; Ibáñez-Orellana, R.; Campos-Rojas, C.; Santana-Covarrubias, A.; Fuentes Figueroa, R.; Martínez-Flores, R. The Effect of Free Weight Resistance Training on Cognitive Function Explored Through Eye Tracking: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial. Behav. Sci. 2025, 15, 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010077
Mateluna-Núñez C, Ibáñez-Orellana R, Campos-Rojas C, Santana-Covarrubias A, Fuentes Figueroa R, Martínez-Flores R. The Effect of Free Weight Resistance Training on Cognitive Function Explored Through Eye Tracking: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial. Behavioral Sciences. 2025; 15(1):77. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010077
Chicago/Turabian StyleMateluna-Núñez, Cristián, Romualdo Ibáñez-Orellana, César Campos-Rojas, Andrea Santana-Covarrubias, Rodrigo Fuentes Figueroa, and Ricardo Martínez-Flores. 2025. "The Effect of Free Weight Resistance Training on Cognitive Function Explored Through Eye Tracking: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial" Behavioral Sciences 15, no. 1: 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010077
APA StyleMateluna-Núñez, C., Ibáñez-Orellana, R., Campos-Rojas, C., Santana-Covarrubias, A., Fuentes Figueroa, R., & Martínez-Flores, R. (2025). The Effect of Free Weight Resistance Training on Cognitive Function Explored Through Eye Tracking: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial. Behavioral Sciences, 15(1), 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010077