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Behavioral Sciences
Volume 13
Issue 3
10.3390/bs13030220
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Article

Short Report: Lack of Diurnal Variation in Salivary Cortisol Is Linked to Sleep Disturbances and Heightened Anxiety in Adolescents with Williams Syndrome

by
Jessica Hayton
1,2,
Atiqah Azhari
3,
Gianluca Esposito
4,
Ray Iles
5,
Michaella Chadiarakos
1,
Giulio Gabrieli
6,
Dagmara Dimitriou
1,2,* and
Stephen Mangar
7,*
1
Sleep Education and Research Laboratory, UCL Institute of Education, 25 Woburn Square, London WC1H 0AA, UK
2
Psychology and Human Development, UCL Institute of Education, London WC1H 0AA, UK
3
Psychology Programme, School of Humanities and Behavioural Sciences, Singapore University of Social Sciences, Singapore 599494, Singapore
4
Affiliative Behaviour and Physiology Lab, Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
5
Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
6
Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Italian Institute of Technology, 00161 Roma, Italy
7
Department of Clinical Oncology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, London W6 8RF, UK
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(3), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13030220
Submission received: 9 February 2023 / Accepted: 28 February 2023 / Published: 3 March 2023
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Abstract

Objective: The aim of the current study was to examine the potential relationship between sleep patterns, cortisol levels, and anxiety profiles in adolescents with Williams Syndrome (WS) compared to typically developing adolescents. Method: Thirteen adolescents with WS and thirteen TD adolescents (age range 12–18 years) were recruited. Participants were provided with a “testing kit”, containing instructions for collecting data through a sleep diary, MotionWare actigraphy, the Childhood Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ), and the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale, and a salivary cortisol collection kit. Results: Adolescents in the WS group did not show diurnal variation in salivary cortisol. Significantly higher scores were reported for two CSHQ subsections, night wakings and parasomnias, in the WS group. Regarding the actigraphy, only significantly longer sleep latency was observed in the WS group. In comparison to the TD group, the WS group had significantly higher anxiety. As expected, the TD group showed typical diurnal variation in cortisol, whereas the WS group showed a flattened cortisol profile throughout the day. Conclusions: From the developmental perspective, this study provides new data supporting the conclusion that sleep problems are not transient but continue to persist into adolescence in WS. Future studies ought to consider examining the role of cortisol and its interplay with anxiety levels and sleep problems across the lifespan in individuals with WS.
Keywords: Williams Syndrome; cortisol; anxiety; sleep; adolescents Williams Syndrome; cortisol; anxiety; sleep; adolescents

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MDPI and ACS Style

Hayton, J.; Azhari, A.; Esposito, G.; Iles, R.; Chadiarakos, M.; Gabrieli, G.; Dimitriou, D.; Mangar, S. Short Report: Lack of Diurnal Variation in Salivary Cortisol Is Linked to Sleep Disturbances and Heightened Anxiety in Adolescents with Williams Syndrome. Behav. Sci. 2023, 13, 220. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13030220

AMA Style

Hayton J, Azhari A, Esposito G, Iles R, Chadiarakos M, Gabrieli G, Dimitriou D, Mangar S. Short Report: Lack of Diurnal Variation in Salivary Cortisol Is Linked to Sleep Disturbances and Heightened Anxiety in Adolescents with Williams Syndrome. Behavioral Sciences. 2023; 13(3):220. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13030220

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hayton, Jessica, Atiqah Azhari, Gianluca Esposito, Ray Iles, Michaella Chadiarakos, Giulio Gabrieli, Dagmara Dimitriou, and Stephen Mangar. 2023. "Short Report: Lack of Diurnal Variation in Salivary Cortisol Is Linked to Sleep Disturbances and Heightened Anxiety in Adolescents with Williams Syndrome" Behavioral Sciences 13, no. 3: 220. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13030220

APA Style

Hayton, J., Azhari, A., Esposito, G., Iles, R., Chadiarakos, M., Gabrieli, G., Dimitriou, D., & Mangar, S. (2023). Short Report: Lack of Diurnal Variation in Salivary Cortisol Is Linked to Sleep Disturbances and Heightened Anxiety in Adolescents with Williams Syndrome. Behavioral Sciences, 13(3), 220. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13030220

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