Postdiction in Visual Awareness in Schizophrenia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Postdiction Task
2.4. Temporal Discrimination Task
2.5. Clinical Assessment
2.5.1. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
2.5.2. Peters et al. Delusion Inventory (PDI)
2.6. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Psychosis (CBTp)
2.7. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Postdiction Performance
3.2. Probability of Making Predictions in the Postdiction Task
3.3. Temporal Discrimination Performance
3.4. Test-Retest Reliability of Postdiction and Temporal Discrimination
3.5. Clinical Outcomes
3.5.1. PANSS
3.5.2. PDI
3.6. Relationship between Postdiction and Clinical Measures
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Controls (n = 25) | Antipsychotics (n = 25) | Antipsychotics Plus CBT (n = 25) | |
---|---|---|---|
Male/female | 15/10 | 17/8 | 18/7 |
Age (years) | 38.8 (12.9) | 39.8 (10.9) | 35.9 (9.2) |
Education (years) | 11.4 (2.3) | 11.6 (2.7) | 11.5 (2.5) |
Duration of illness (years) | - | 8.7 (2.6) | 9.3 (2.8) |
Type of antipsychotics | - | Olanzapine (n = 11) Amisulpride (n = 7) Clozapine (n = 6) | Olanzapine (n = 13) Amisulpride (n = 5) Clozapine (n = 6) |
df | F | p | η2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Main effect of group (antipsychotics, antipsychotics + CBT, non-clinical controls) | 2, 72 | 3.47 | 0.04 | 0.09 |
Main effect of treatment (week 0 vs. 12) | 1, 72 | 12.91 | 0.001 | 0.15 |
Main effect of delay (100 vs. 1000 ms) | 1, 72 | 80.25 | <0.0001 | 0.53 |
Group by treatment interaction | 2, 72 | 4.02 | 0.02 | 0.10 |
Group by delay interaction | 2, 72 | 2.25 | 0.11 | 0.06 |
Treatment by delay interaction | 1, 72 | 9.12 | 0.004 | 0.11 |
Group by treatment by delay interaction | 2, 72 | 5.36 | 0.007 | 0.13 |
df | F | p | η2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Main effect of group (antipsychotics, antipsychotics + CBT, non-clinical controls) | 2, 72 | 0.79 | 0.46 | 0.02 |
Main effect of treatment (week 0 vs. 12) | 1, 72 | 0.14 | 0.71 | 0.001 |
Main effect of delay (100 vs. 1000 ms) | 1, 72 | 181.44 | <0.0001 | 0.72 |
Group by treatment interaction | 2, 72 | 0.04 | 0.96 | 0.001 |
Group by delay interaction | 2, 72 | 1.13 | 0.33 | 0.03 |
Treatment by delay interaction | 1, 72 | 0.01 | 0.93 | 0.0001 |
Group by treatment by delay interaction | 2, 72 | 0.27 | 0.76 | 0.008 |
df | F | p | η2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Main effect of group (antipsychotics, antipsychotics + CBT, non-clinical controls) | 2, 2 | 12.03 | 0.00003 | 0.25 |
Main effect of treatment (week 0 vs. 12) | 1, 72 | 0.19 | 0.67 | 0.003 |
Group by treatment interaction | 2, 72 | 2.54 | 0.09 | 0.07 |
df | F | p | η2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
PANSS—Positive | ||||
Group | 1, 48 | 0.004 | 0.95 | 0 |
Treatment | 1, 48 | 89.80 | <0.0001 | 0.65 |
Group by treatment | 1, 48 | 18.48 | 0.0001 | 0.28 |
PANSS—Negative | ||||
Group | 1, 48 | 1.43 | 0.24 | 0.03 |
Treatment | 1, 48 | 27.05 | <0.0001 | 0.36 |
Group by treatment | 1, 48 | 0.72 | 0.40 | 0.02 |
PANSS—Disorganized | ||||
Group | 1, 48 | 1.21 | 0.28 | 0.02 |
Treatment | 1, 48 | 65.34 | <0.0001 | 0.58 |
Group by treatment | 1, 48 | 1.68 | 0.20 | 0.03 |
PANSS—Excitement | ||||
Group | 1, 48 | 0.24 | 0.62 | 0.01 |
Treatment | 1, 48 | 85.65 | <0.0001 | 0.64 |
Group by treatment | 1, 48 | 1.91 | 0.17 | 0.04 |
PANSS—Emotional discomfort | ||||
Group | 1, 48 | 0.003 | 0.96 | 0 |
Treatment | 1, 48 | 105.91 | <0.0001 | 0.69 |
Group by treatment | 1, 48 | 9.35 | 0.004 | 0.16 |
PDI—Conviction | ||||
Group | 1, 48 | 0.05 | 0.83 | 0.001 |
Treatment | 1, 48 | 21.38 | <0.0001 | 0.31 |
Group by treatment | 1, 48 | 4.87 | 0.03 | 0.09 |
PDI—Preoccupation | ||||
Group | 1, 48 | 0.23 | 0.63 | 0.005 |
Treatment | 1, 48 | 106.87 | <0.0001 | 0.69 |
Group by treatment | 1, 48 | 21.66 | <0.0001 | 0.31 |
PDI—Distress | ||||
Group | 1, 48 | 0.46 | 0.50 | 0.009 |
Treatment | 1, 48 | 65.0 | <0.0001 | 0.58 |
Group by treatment | 1, 48 | 4.39 | 0.04 | 0.08 |
0 Week | 12 Weeks | 0 vs. 12 Weeks | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antipsychotics (n = 25) | Antipsychotics + CBT (n = 25) | Antipsychotics (n = 25) | Antipsychotics + CBT (n = 25) | Antipsychotics | Antipsychotics + CBT | |
PANSS—Positive | 21.5 (7.5) | 23.6 (6.8) | 19.2 (7.7) | 17.3 (6.1) | d = 0.30 p = 0.004 | d = 0.98 p < 0.001 |
PANSS—Negative | 15.5 (4.1) | 16.4 (4.3) | 13.2 (3.9) | 14.8 (3.3) | d = 0.58 p = 0.001 | d = 0.45 p < 0.05 |
PANSS—Disorganized | 13.0 (2.0) | 12.7 (2.1) | 11.6 (1.8) | 10.8 (2.1) | d = 0.73 p < 0.001 | d = 0.90 p < 0.001 |
PANSS—Excitement | 15.8 (3.1) | 16.0 (3.6) | 12.7 (2.6) | 11.8 (2.9) | d = 1.09 p < 0.001 | d = 1.29 p < 0.001 |
PANSS—Emotional discomfort | 21.8 (4.1) | 23.2 (4.6) | 18.4 (3.8) | 17.0 (4.4) | d = 0.86 p < 0.001 | d = 1.38 p < 0.001 |
PDI—Conviction | 50.5 (26.8) | 58.5 (26.3) | 43.0 (19.7) | 37.3 (18.7) | d = 0.31 p < 0.05 | d = 0.94 p < 0.001 |
PDI—Preoccupation | 43.7 (20.0) | 47.8 (19.9) | 35.9 (15.5) | 27.1 (16.3) | d = 0.44 p = 0.001 | d = 1.14 p < 0.001 |
PDI—Distress | 43.5 (28.7) | 42.3 (26.1) | 34.0 (23.2) | 22.6 (17.8) | d = 0.37 p = 0.001 | d = 0.90 p < 0.001 |
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Kéri, S. Postdiction in Visual Awareness in Schizophrenia. Behav. Sci. 2022, 12, 198. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12060198
Kéri S. Postdiction in Visual Awareness in Schizophrenia. Behavioral Sciences. 2022; 12(6):198. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12060198
Chicago/Turabian StyleKéri, Szabolcs. 2022. "Postdiction in Visual Awareness in Schizophrenia" Behavioral Sciences 12, no. 6: 198. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12060198
APA StyleKéri, S. (2022). Postdiction in Visual Awareness in Schizophrenia. Behavioral Sciences, 12(6), 198. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12060198