Anxiety and Sleep Quality Amelioration in College Students: A Comparative Study between Team Sports and Individual Sports
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Study Methodology
2.3. Test Main Results
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants’ Characteristics
3.2. The Relief of Anxiety and the Improvement of Sleep Quality in College Students after 6 Weeks’ Intervention
3.3. Comparison of Anxiety Symptom Relief Effect and Sleep Quality Improvement Effect among College Students
3.4. Build and Revise Models
3.5. Summary
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Team Sports Group | Individual Sports Group | Control Group | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean [SD] or n (%) | n | Mean [SD] or n (%) | n | Mean [SD] or n (%) | n | ||
Age (years) | 21.42 [2.4] | 66 | 22.31 [3.1] | 64 | 21.90 [2.1] | 67 | 0.87 |
Male/Female | 35/31 (53.0/47.0) | 66 | 39/25 (60.9/39.1) | 64 | 41/26(61.2/38.8) | 67 | 0.57 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.43 [5.5] | 66 | 27.82 [4.9] | 64 | 27.50 [5.0] | 67 | 0.79 |
Body fat rate | 29.43 [5.2] | 66 | 30.22 [6.3] | 64 | 28.91 [4.9] | 67 | 0.66 |
Smoking | 9 (13.6) | 66 | 6 (9.4) | 64 | 11 (16.4) | 67 | 0.43 |
Year with anxiety (<1 year) | 57 (86.4) | 66 | 59 (7.8) | 64 | 55 (82.1) | 67 | 0.42 |
1–2 years | 8 (12.1) | 66 | 5 (33.3) | 64 | 12 (17.9) | 67 | 0.32 |
>2 years | 1 (1.5) | 66 | 0 (0.0) | 64 | 0(0.0) | 67 | 0.43 |
insomnia | 40 (60.6) | 66 | 42 (65.6) | 64 | 45 (67.2) | 67 | 0.49 |
Physical exercise (occasions/week) | 0.71 [1.2] | 66 | 0.80 [0.9] | 64 | 0.52 [1.1] | 67 | 0.57 |
Physical exercise (min/week) | 32.43 [17.3] | 66 | 43.18 [13.5] | 64 | 40.42 [18.3] | 67 | 0.60 |
Social interaction (occasions/week) | 0.31 [0.53] | 66 | 0.46 [0.67] | 64 | 0.25 [0.72] | 67 | 0.49 |
Rating scale scores PSQI | 14.32 [3.8] | 66 | 13.14 [2.4] | 64 | 14.21 [3.3] | 67 | 0.32 |
Rating scale scores SAS | 57.23 [9.3] | 66 | 59.14 [10.2] | 64 | 56.32 [8.3] | 67 | 0.63 |
Team Sports Group | Individual Sports Group | Control Group | |
---|---|---|---|
SAS scores | |||
All, n | 66 | 64 | 67 |
Improvement, n (%) a | 46 (69.7) | 38 (59.4) | 26 (38.8) |
No improvement, n (%) | 20 (30.3) | 26 (40.6) | 41 (61.2) |
PSQI scores | |||
All, n | 66 | 64 | 67 |
Improvement, n (%) b | 52 (78.8) | 50 (78.1) | 19 (28.4) |
No improvement, n (%) | 14 (21.2) | 14 (21.9) | 48 (71.6) |
Change in SAS Scores | Effect Size (95% CI) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Model 1 a | |||
Control vs. Individual sports (n = 131) | 11.32 (5.32–17.46) | 0.006 | |
Control vs. Team sports (n = 133) | 12.28 (5.78–18.65) | 0.002 | |
Model 2 b | |||
Control vs. Individual sports (n = 131) | 12.99 (6.03–18.90) | 0.001 | |
Control vs. Team sports (n = 133) | 13.68 (6.27–19.11) | 0.001 | |
Change in PSQI scores | |||
Model 1 a | |||
Control vs. Individual sports (n = 131) | 5.13 (1.21–8.79) | 0.005 | |
Control vs. Team sports (n = 133) | 5.35 (1.36–9.21) | 0.002 | |
Model 2 b | |||
Control vs. Individual sports (n = 131) | 5.86 (2.17–9.78) | 0.002 | |
Control vs. Team sports (n = 133) | 6.32 (2.89–10.32) | 0.000 |
Model 1 a | Model 2 b | Model 3 c | Model 4 d | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p (n) | OR (95% CI) | p (n) | OR (95% CI) | p (n) | OR (95% CI) | p (n) | |
SAS scores | ||||||||
Individual sports | 2.64 (2.17–9.78) | 0.02 (197) | 2.86 (2.32–10.21) | 0.01 (197) | 3.05 (2.68–10.78) | 0.03 (197) | 3.18 (2.87–11.21) | 0.01 (197) |
Team sports | 4.05 (3.05–12.03) | 0.01 (197) | 4.49 (3.67–13.85) | 0.005 (197) | 4.89 (3.96–14.11) | 0.01 (197) | 4.99 (4.06–14.87) | 0.003 (197) |
Compared | 1.78 (2.26–9.93) | 0.01 (197) | 2.04 (2.69–10.80) | 0.004 (197) | 2.79 (2.97–11.84) | 0.013 (197) | 2.90 (2.99–12.00) | 0.003 (197) |
PSQI scores | ||||||||
Individual sports | 5.78 (4.32–17.03) | 0.006 (197) | 6.32 (4.89–17.87) | 0.01 (197) | 6.98 (5.02–17.95) | 0.01 (197) | 7.32 (5.35–18.22) | 0.005 (197) |
Team sports | 5.96 (4.49–18.42) | 0.002 (197) | 6.78 (5.76–19.13) | 0.005 (197) | 7.09 (6.16–19.66) | 0.004 (197) | 7.98 (6.69–19.98) | 0.003 (197) |
Compared | 5.73 (4.29–16.32) | 0.41 (197) | 5.94 (4.94–17.12) | 0.30 (197) | 6.05 (5.01–17.79) | 0.33 (197) | 6.96 (6.19–18.02) | 0.21 (197) |
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Ji, C.; Yang, J.; Lin, L.; Chen, S. Anxiety and Sleep Quality Amelioration in College Students: A Comparative Study between Team Sports and Individual Sports. Behav. Sci. 2022, 12, 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12050149
Ji C, Yang J, Lin L, Chen S. Anxiety and Sleep Quality Amelioration in College Students: A Comparative Study between Team Sports and Individual Sports. Behavioral Sciences. 2022; 12(5):149. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12050149
Chicago/Turabian StyleJi, Chaoxin, Jun Yang, Lin Lin, and Song Chen. 2022. "Anxiety and Sleep Quality Amelioration in College Students: A Comparative Study between Team Sports and Individual Sports" Behavioral Sciences 12, no. 5: 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12050149