Next Article in Journal
FOXP3+ Cells in Tertiary Lymphoid Structures Have Adverse Impact on Overall Survival in Patients with Gastric Cancer
Previous Article in Journal
Long-Term Clinical Consequences of Severe Oral Mucositis in Survivors of Lip, Oral Cavity, and Pharynx Cancer Versus Leukemia: A Propensity-Score-Matched Comparative Cohort Study Using Real-World Data
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Medical Sciences
Volume 14
Issue 1
10.3390/medsci14010143
medsci-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Risk of Functional Disorders and/or Thyroid Autoimmunity and Its Association with 25OH Vitamin D and Magnesium Levels: A Population-Based Case-Control Study

by
Hernando Vargas-Uricoechea
1,*,
Alejandro Castellanos-Pinedo
2,
Karen Urrego-Noguera
1,
María V. Pinzón-Fernández
3,
Ivonne A. Meza-Cabrera
1,
Hernando Vargas-Sierra
1 and
Valentina Agredo-Delgado
1
1
Metabolic Diseases Study Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Universidad del Cauca, Carrera 6 Nº 13N-50, Popayán 190001, Colombia
2
Faculty of Medicine, Universidad del Sinú, Hospital San Jerónimo, Montería 230001, Colombia
3
Health Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán 190003, Colombia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Med. Sci. 2026, 14(1), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci14010143
Submission received: 2 February 2026 / Revised: 14 March 2026 / Accepted: 15 March 2026 / Published: 18 March 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Vitamin D (Vit-D) and magnesium (Mg) levels have been associated with an increased risk of developing functional thyroid disorders or autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD). In this study, our objective was to evaluate if 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OH Vit-D) and/or Mg levels are associated with an increased risk of functional thyroid disorders and/or AITD. Methods: A population-based case-control study was conducted, with a total of 1028 participants (514 cases and 514 controls). Blood concentrations of 25OH Vit-D, Mg, TSH, FT4, FT3, and thyroid autoantibodies (TPOAb, TgAb, and TRAb) were determined in the study participants. Results: Among the cases (in women), the prevalence of goiter, hypothyroidism, and thyroid autoantibody positivity was significantly higher. No differences were found in the prevalence of functional thyroid disorders or in thyroid antibody positivity (among cases) according to sex or age. The prevalence of thyroid antibody positivity (specifically TPOAb and/or TgAb) was significantly higher in cases with 25OH Vit-D and/or Mg deficiency. The 25OH Vit-D level that best discriminated the highest frequency of AITD was 23.5 ng/mL [AUC: 0.665 (95% CI: 0.636–0.694, p < 0.001)]; while for Mg it was 1.8 mg/dL [AUC: 0.697 (95% CI: 0.668–0.725, p < 0.001)], indicating that the model has weak discrimination (although better than chance), with good sensitivity and low specificity, being able to identify the vast majority of positive cases (with AITDs), at the cost of including a significant proportion of false positives. Conclusions: Overall, we found that low serum levels of 25OH Vit-D and/or Mg appear to be associated with a significantly increased risk of goiter, functional thyroid disorders (specifically hypothyroidism), and with greater positivity of thyroid antibodies.
Keywords: vitamin D; magnesium; thyroid; autoimmunity; thyroid function vitamin D; magnesium; thyroid; autoimmunity; thyroid function

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Vargas-Uricoechea, H.; Castellanos-Pinedo, A.; Urrego-Noguera, K.; Pinzón-Fernández, M.V.; Meza-Cabrera, I.A.; Vargas-Sierra, H.; Agredo-Delgado, V. Risk of Functional Disorders and/or Thyroid Autoimmunity and Its Association with 25OH Vitamin D and Magnesium Levels: A Population-Based Case-Control Study. Med. Sci. 2026, 14, 143. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci14010143

AMA Style

Vargas-Uricoechea H, Castellanos-Pinedo A, Urrego-Noguera K, Pinzón-Fernández MV, Meza-Cabrera IA, Vargas-Sierra H, Agredo-Delgado V. Risk of Functional Disorders and/or Thyroid Autoimmunity and Its Association with 25OH Vitamin D and Magnesium Levels: A Population-Based Case-Control Study. Medical Sciences. 2026; 14(1):143. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci14010143

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vargas-Uricoechea, Hernando, Alejandro Castellanos-Pinedo, Karen Urrego-Noguera, María V. Pinzón-Fernández, Ivonne A. Meza-Cabrera, Hernando Vargas-Sierra, and Valentina Agredo-Delgado. 2026. "Risk of Functional Disorders and/or Thyroid Autoimmunity and Its Association with 25OH Vitamin D and Magnesium Levels: A Population-Based Case-Control Study" Medical Sciences 14, no. 1: 143. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci14010143

APA Style

Vargas-Uricoechea, H., Castellanos-Pinedo, A., Urrego-Noguera, K., Pinzón-Fernández, M. V., Meza-Cabrera, I. A., Vargas-Sierra, H., & Agredo-Delgado, V. (2026). Risk of Functional Disorders and/or Thyroid Autoimmunity and Its Association with 25OH Vitamin D and Magnesium Levels: A Population-Based Case-Control Study. Medical Sciences, 14(1), 143. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci14010143

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop