Stable Isotope Evaluation of Geothermal Gases from the Kızıldere and Tekke Hamam Geothermal Fields, Western Anatolia, Turkey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological Framework
3. Gas Sampling and Analysis
4. Results and Discussions
4.1. Relative Concentrations and Chemical Composition of the Gas Samples
4.2. Isotopic Composition of the Gas Samples
4.3. Origin of CO2
4.4. Origin of Hydrocarbons
4.5. Origin of N2
4.6. Reservoir Temperature Evaluation
5. Conclusions
- (i)
- The carbon isotopic (δ13C) composition of CO2, together with its ratio to 3He, points to a dominant limestone source and an accompanying minor magmatic component for gas samples collected from both fields.
- (ii)
- The carbon isotopic (δ13C) composition of CH4, representing a minor gas component in the gas samples, reveals a dominant thermogenic character, with additional secondary processes (e.g., cracking of long chain hydrocarbons or input of abiogenic methane from deep sources), particularly effective on gas samples collected from the Kızıldere geothermal field.
- (iii)
- The nitrogen isotopic (δ15N) composition, along with its elemental ratio to Ar, has pointed out to the existence of a non–atmospheric nitrogen component within both fields, possibly representing a mixture of crustal and mantle sources.
- (iv)
- The thick sedimentary cover, overlying the deep metamorphic basement, is the likely source for both the dominant CO2 and the minor CH4 and N2 components issuing from both fields. A wider array of sampling points for both gas and isotopic compositions will better address the likely sources of the gases issuing from both fields.
- (v)
- The isotope geothermometry calculations have revealed a big temperature difference for Kızıldere and a rather small difference for Tekke Hamam. The difference that is more prominent for Kızıldere can possibly highlight the lack of equilibrium conditions due to fast gas ascent through the wellbores of Kızıldere and/or secondary cracking processes for hydrocarbons, which would alter the pristine δ13C signature of CH4 towards higher values.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Sampling Date | Ar (ppmv) | CH4 (ppmv) | CO2 (vol.%) | H2 (ppmv) | He (ppmv) | N2 (vol.%) | O2 (vol.%) | Kr (ppmv) | H2S (ppmv) | CH4 (ppmv) | C2H6 (ppmv) | C3H8 (ppmv) | CH4/ [C2H6 + C3H8] | N2/Ar | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kızıldere | KD-6a | November 2007 | 69 | 2750 | 98.4 | 30 | 3.8 | 1.09 | 0.19 | 0.9 | 12 | 1620 | 11 | 5 | 101 | 158 |
KD-13b | September 2008 | 274 | 2540 | 96.1 | 176 | 4.1 | 2.91 | 0.72 | 1.1 | 26 | 2962 | 7 | 3 | 296 | 106 | |
KD-15a | November 2007 | 49 | 4090 | 98.1 | 26 | 4.8 | 1.25 | 0.18 | 1.1 | 39 | 4301 | 4 | 1 | 860 | 253 | |
Tekke Hamam | Umut-1a | November 2007 | 153 | 3390 | 96.9 | 103 | 5.3 | 1.63 | 0.16 | 1.1 | 9140 | 4496 | 80 | 45 | 36 | 107 |
Umut-2a | November 2007 | 207 | 3700 | 97.2 | 27 | 5.3 | 1.92 | 0.16 | 1.0 | 3430 | 3731 | 65 | 40 | 36 | 92 | |
Umut-4a | November 2007 | 1330 | 2680 | 84.4 | 20 | 4.5 | 12 | 3.14 | 0.9 | n.d. | 2844 | 37 | 33 | 41 | 90 | |
Umut-5b | September 2008 | 288 | 4100 | 96.2 | 38 | 5.6 | 2.37 | 0.16 | 1.1 | 8770 | 3910 | 55 | 36 | 43 | 82 |
Sample | Sampling Date | δ15N (‰ vs. Air) | δ13C-CO2 (‰ vs. PDB) | δ13C-CH4 (‰ vs. PDB) | δD-CH4 (‰ vs. PDB) | CH4/3He | * CO2/3He | N2/36Ar | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kızıldere | KD-6a | November 2007 | 4.23 | 0.34 | −20.8 | 5.31 × 108 | 1.90 × 1011 | 4.97 × 104 | |
KD-13a | November 2007 | 4.54 | 0.30 | −23.2 | −126.7 | 7.42 × 108 | 2.86 × 1011 | 6.27 × 104 | |
KD-13b | September 2008 | −2.61 | 7.42 × 108 * | 2.86 × 1011 + | 2.91 × 104 | ||||
KD-15a | November 2007 | −4.44 | 0.99 | −23.6 | 1.23 × 109 | 2.95 × 1011 | 4.32 × 104 | ||
Tekke Hamam | Umut-1a | November 2007 | 2.75 | 3.52 × 108 | 1.01 × 1011 | 3.20 × 104 | |||
Umut-1b | September 2008 | 1.80 | −0.95 | −34.4 | 3.52 × 108 * | 1.01 × 1011 + | 2.65 × 104 | ||
Umut-2a | November 2007 | 1.16 | - | - | 1.11 × 1011 | 2.36 × 104 | |||
Umut-4a | November 2007 | 0.960 | −0.74 | −31.7 | −143.3 | 2.58 × 108 | 8.14 × 1010 | 2.28 × 104 | |
Umut-5b | September 2008 | −0.702 | 1.3 | −32.0 | 3.48 × 108 | 8.56 × 1010 | 2.46 × 104 |
CO2_CH4 Isotope Geothermometer | Hydrocarbon Composition Geothermometer [29] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | δ13C-CO2 (‰ vs. VPDB) | δ13C-CH4 (‰ vs. VPDB) | Bottom–Hole Temp (°C) | Calculated Temp (°C) | Calculated Temp (°C) | |
Kızıldere | KD-6a | 0.34 | −20.8 | 194 | 347 | 224 |
KD-13a | 0.3 | −23.2 | 198 | 309 | 250 | |
KD-15a | 0.99 | −23.6 | 208 | 294 | 274 | |
Tekke Hamam | Umut-1b | −0.95 | −34.4 | - | 195 | - |
Umut-4a | −0.74 | −31.7 | - | 219 | - | |
Umut-5b | 1.3 | −32.01 | - | 197 | - |
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Süer, S.; Wiersberg, T.; Güleç, N.; Grassa, F. Stable Isotope Evaluation of Geothermal Gases from the Kızıldere and Tekke Hamam Geothermal Fields, Western Anatolia, Turkey. Geosciences 2022, 12, 452. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12120452
Süer S, Wiersberg T, Güleç N, Grassa F. Stable Isotope Evaluation of Geothermal Gases from the Kızıldere and Tekke Hamam Geothermal Fields, Western Anatolia, Turkey. Geosciences. 2022; 12(12):452. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12120452
Chicago/Turabian StyleSüer, Selin, Thomas Wiersberg, Nilgün Güleç, and Fausto Grassa. 2022. "Stable Isotope Evaluation of Geothermal Gases from the Kızıldere and Tekke Hamam Geothermal Fields, Western Anatolia, Turkey" Geosciences 12, no. 12: 452. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12120452