Steam Explosion Treatment of Byproduct Feedstuffs for Potential Use as Ruminant Feed
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Raw Materials and Steam-Explosion Treatment
2.2. Chemical Composition
2.3. In Vitro Digestibility
2.4. Energy Value
2.5. The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) Composition
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Chemical Composition and In Vitro Digestibility
3.2. Energy Value
3.3. The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System Composition
3.3.1. Carbohydrate Composition
3.3.2. Protein Composition
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Herrero, M.; Thornton, P.K. Livestock and global change: Emerging issues for sustainable food systems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2013, 110, 20878–20881. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ajila, C.M.; Brar, S.K.; Verma, M.; Tyagi, R.D.; Godbout, S.; Valéro, J.R. Bio-processing of agro-byproducts to animal feed. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 2012, 32, 382–400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liang, J.; Lu, Q.; Lerner, R.; Sun, X.; Zeng, H.; Liu, Y. Agricultural Wastes. Water Environ. Res. 2011, 83, 1439–1466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Naeem, M.; Rajput, N.; Zhang, L.L.; Zhuang, S.; Yan, R.; Wang, T. Utilization of Steam Treated Agricultural by–Product as Ruminant Feed. Pak. J. Agric. Sci. 2014, 51, 229–234. [Google Scholar]
- Loor, J.; Elolimy, A.; McCann, J. Dietary impacts on rumen microbiota in beef and dairy production. Anim. Front. 2016, 6, 22–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dong, L.; Cao, G.; Wu, J.; Liu, B.; Xing, D.; Zhao, L.; Zhou, C.; Feng, L.; Ren, N. High-solid pretreatment of rice straw at cold temperature using NaOH/Urea for enhanced enzymatic conversion and hydrogen production. Bioresour. Technol. 2019, 287, 121399. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pandey, A. Recent process developments in solid-state fermentation. Process. Biochem. 1992, 27, 109–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, B.; Yang, W.; Nie, Y.; Kang, F.; Goff, H.D.; Cui, S.W. Effect of steam explosion on dietary fiber, polysaccharide, protein and physicochemical properties of okara. Food Hydrocoll. 2019, 94, 48–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jacquet, N.; Maniet, G.; Vanderghem, C.; Delvigne, F.; Richel, A. Application of Steam Explosion as Pretreatment on Lignocellulosic Material: A Review. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2015, 54, 2593–2598. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holtzapple, M.T.; Humphrey, A.E.; Taylor, J.D. Energy requirements for the size reduction of poplar and aspen wood. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1989, 33, 207–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Official Methods of Analysis, 17th ed.; Association of Official Analytical Chemists: Arlington, VA, USA, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Van Soest, P.; Robertson, J.; Lewis, B. Methods for Dietary Fiber, Neutral Detergent Fiber, and Nonstarch Polysaccharides in Relation to Animal Nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 1991, 74, 3583–3597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Robertson, J.B.; van Soest, P.J. The detergent system of analysis and its application to human foods. In The Analysis of Dietary Fiber in Food; James, W.P.T., Theander, O., Eds.; Marcel Dekker Inc.: New York, NY, USA, 1981; pp. 123–142. [Google Scholar]
- Menke, K.H.; Raab, L.; Salewski, A.; Steingass, H.; Fritz, D.; Schneider, W. The estimation of the digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feedingstuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitro. J. Agric. Sci. 1979, 93, 217–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- NRC (National Research Council). Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, 8th ed.; National Academy of Sciences: Washington, DC, USA, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Weiss, W. Predicting Energy Values of Feeds. J. Dairy Sci. 1993, 76, 1802–1811. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Licitra, G.; Hernandez, T.; Van Soest, P. Standardization of procedures for nitrogen fractionation of ruminant feeds. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. 1996, 57, 347–358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sniffen, C.J.; O’Connor, J.D.; Van Soest, P.J.; Fox, D.G.; Russell, J.B. A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: II. Carbohydrate and protein availability. J. Anim. Sci. 1992, 70, 3562–3577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chang, J.; Yin, Q.Q.; Ren, T.B.; Song, A.D.; Zuo, R.Y.; Guo, H.W. Effect of Steam Explosion Pretreatment and Microbial Fermentation on Degradation of Corn Straw. In Advanced Materials Research; Trans Tech Publications; Henan Agricultural University: Zhengzhou, China, 2012; Volume 343, pp. 809–814. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, L.H.; Li, D.; Wang, L.J.; Wang, T.P.; Zhang, L.; Chen, X.D.; Mao, Z.H. Effect of steam explosion on biodegradation of lignin in wheat straw. Bioresour. Technol. 2008, 99, 8512–8515. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, J.; Ørskov, E. Cellulase treatment of untreated and steam pre-treated rice straw—Effect on in vitro fermentation characteristics. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. 2000, 88, 189–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ballesteros, M.; Oliva, J.; Negro, M.J.; Manzanares, P.; Ballesteros, I. Ethanol from lignocellulosic materials by a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process (SFS) with Kluyveromyces marxianus CECT 10875. Process. Biochem. 2004, 39, 1843–1848. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vivekanand, V.; Olsen, E.F.; Eijsink, V.G.; Horn, S.J. Effect of different steam explosion conditions on methane potential and enzymatic saccharification of birch. Bioresour. Technol. 2013, 127, 343–349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nelson, D.A.; Hallen, R.T.; Theander, O. Formation of Aromatic–Compounds from Carbohydrates—Reaction of Xylose, Glucose, and Glucuronic—Acid in Acidic Solution at 300—Degrees—C. ACS Symp. Ser. 1988, 376, 113–118. [Google Scholar]
- Sannigrahi, P.; Kim, D.H.; Jung, S.; Ragauskas, A. Pseudo-lignin and pretreatment chemistry. Energy Environ. Sci. 2011, 4, 1306–1310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Neves, M.A.D.; Kimura, T.; Shimizu, N.; Nakajima, M. State of the Art and Future Trends of Bioethanol Production. J. Food Process. Eng. 2007, 1, 1–14. [Google Scholar]
- Cara, C.; Ruiz, E.; Ballesteros, I.; Negro, M.J.; Castro, E.; Galiano, E.C. Enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of olive tree wood by steam explosion and alkaline peroxide delignification. Process. Biochem. 2006, 41, 423–429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ballesteros, I.; Oliva, J.; Negro, M.J.; Manzanares, P.; Ballesteros, M. Enzymic hydrolysis of steam exploded herbaceous agricultural waste (Brassica carinata) at different particule sizes. Process. Biochem. 2002, 38, 187–192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- García-Aparicio, M.P.; Ballesteros, I.; Gonzalez, A.; Oliva, J.; Ballesteros, M.; Negro, M.J. Effect of Inhibitors Released During Steam-Explosion Pretreatment of Barley Straw on Enzymatic Hydrolysis. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2006, 129, 278–288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chaji, M.; Mohammadab, T.; Mamouei, M.; Tabatabaei, S. The Efect of Processing with High Steam and Sodium Hydroxide on Nutritive Value of Sugarcane Pith by in vitro Gas Production. J. Anim. Veter.-Adv. 2010, 9, 1015–1018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Item 1 | Treatment 2 | DM | NDF | ADF | ADL | CP | EE | Ash | 48 h IVDMD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CAR | Raw | 96.42 | 68.51 | 54.27 | 12.71 | 13.31 | 1.86 | 15.87 | 26.17 |
Steam explosion | 99.62 | 58.48 | 52.18 | 15.46 | 13.82 | 2.33 | 15.86 | 34.56 | |
SEM 3 | 0.107 | 0.107 | 0.126 | 0.116 | 0.164 | 0.092 | 0.154 | 0.169 | |
p-Value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.103 | 0.981 | <0.001 | |
DG | Raw | 95.44 | 54.99 | 40.49 | 13.66 | 15.30 | 3.83 | 10.46 | 30.82 |
Steam explosion | 95.48 | 44.52 | 36.27 | 11.36 | 16.84 | 4.34 | 10.86 | 40.19 | |
SEM | 0.093 | 0.32 | 0.186 | 0.178 | 0.053 | 0.127 | 0.152 | 0.198 | |
p-Value | 0.777 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.186 | <0.001 | |
CM | Raw | 89.32 | 40.76 | 27.63 | 9.66 | 42.46 | 0.85 | 9.83 | 33.60 |
Steam explosion | 94.19 | 42.88 | 26.00 | 8.90 | 41.14 | 0.79 | 10.4 | 36.94 | |
SEM | 0.045 | 0.518 | 0.218 | 0.136 | 0.233 | 0.046 | 0.24 | 0.28 | |
p-Value | <0.001 | 0.173 | 0.007 | 0.039 | 0.07 | 0.454 | 0.05 | <0.001 | |
RM | Raw | 90.99 | 65.70 | 41.62 | 17.51 | 43.22 | 0.59 | 7.16 | 28.96 |
Steam explosion | 94.90 | 64.62 | 41.11 | 17.9 | 43.48 | 0.83 | 8.79 | 33.81 | |
SEM | 0.129 | 0.03 | 0.178 | 0.105 | 0.05 | 0.035 | 0.013 | 0.176 | |
p-Value | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.029 | 0.19 | 0.092 | 0.049 | <0.001 | 0.001 | |
PSR | Raw | 92.04 | 20.72 | 17.09 | 2.42 | 10.03 | 1.00 | 8.44 | 45.91 |
Steam explosion | 98.10 | 19.62 | 17.81 | 2.50 | 9.82 | 0.60 | 5.00 | 49.96 | |
SEM | 0.078 | 0.207 | 0.207 | 0.112 | 0.097 | 0.031 | 0.132 | 0.156 | |
p-Value | <0.001 | 0.065 | 0.035 | 0.677 | 0.015 | 0.018 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
Item 1 | Treatment 2 | TDN | DE | ME | NEm | NEg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CAR | Raw | 17.66 | 4.02 | 3.29 | 2.27 | 1.58 |
Steam explosion | 26.86 | 6.11 | 5.00 | 3.60 | 2.63 | |
SEM 3 | 0.074 | 0.018 | 0.013 | 0.011 | 0.008 | |
p-Value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
DG | Raw | 34.39 | 7.82 | 6.41 | 4.76 | 3.52 |
Steam explosion | 42.93 | 9.76 | 8.00 | 6.39 | 4.82 | |
SEM | 0.195 | 0.045 | 0.036 | 0.038 | 0.032 | |
p-Value | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | |
CM | Raw | 44.75 | 10.17 | 8.34 | 6.80 | 5.17 |
Steam explosion | 43.83 | 9.96 | 8.17 | 6.59 | 4.99 | |
SEM | 0.60 | 0.137 | 0.111 | 0.135 | 0.112 | |
p-Value | 0.305 | 0.514 | 0.515 | 0.515 | 0.504 | |
RM | Raw | 35.17 | 7.99 | 6.55 | 4.89 | 3.62 |
Steam explosion | 35.67 | 8.11 | 6.65 | 4.97 | 3.68 | |
SEM | 0.033 | 0.008 | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.006 | |
p-Value | 0.012 | 0.014 | 0.015 | 0.015 | 0.031 | |
PSR | Raw | 64.11 | 14.57 | 11.95 | 13.46 | 11.29 |
Steam explosion | 65.87 | 14.97 | 12.28 | 14.33 | 12.13 | |
SEM | 0.234 | 0.025 | 0.044 | 0.114 | 0.111 | |
p-Value | 0.062 | 0.053 | 0.025 | 0.021 | 0.022 |
Item 1 | Treatment 2 | CHO | CA | CB1 | CB2 | CC | CNSC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CAR | Raw | 68.96 | 8.34 | 1.22 | 28.91 | 30.49 | 9.56 |
Steam explosion | 67.98 | 16.02 | 1.32 | 13.54 | 37.11 | 17.34 | |
SEM 3 | 0.399 | 0.423 | 0.018 | 0.284 | 0.279 | 0.406 | |
p-Value | 0.135 | 0.002 | 0.104 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.002 | |
DG | Raw | 70.42 | 15.45 | 4.64 | 17.6 | 32.80 | 20.02 |
Steam explosion | 67.96 | 20.28 | 5.69 | 14.72 | 27.26 | 25.97 | |
SEM | 0.325 | 0.57 | 0.028 | 0.234 | 0.425 | 0.522 | |
p-Value | 0.007 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.01 | |
CM | Raw | 46.86 | 9.30 | 0.47 | 13.91 | 23.18 | 9.77 |
Steam explosion | 47.66 | 9.59 | 0.72 | 16.00 | 21.35 | 10.31 | |
SEM | 0.511 | 0.713 | 0.005 | 0.815 | 0.329 | 0.711 | |
p-Value | 0.231 | 0.843 | <0.001 | 0.116 | 0.039 | 0.715 | |
RM | Raw | 49.02 | 0.26 | 0.21 | 6.39 | 42.02 | 0.52 |
Steam explosion | 46.89 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 3.62 | 42.96 | 0.30 | |
SEM | 0.098 | 0.022 | 0.005 | 0.254 | 0.253 | 0.045 | |
p-Value | 0.005 | 0.011 | 0.017 | 0.03 | 0.189 | 0.048 | |
PSR | Raw | 80.53 | 50.77 | 11.46 | 12.49 | 5.80 | 62.23 |
Steam explosion | 84.59 | 52.7 | 12.49 | 13.39 | 6.01 | 65.18 | |
SEM | 0.254 | 0.538 | 0.133 | 0.146 | 0.269 | 0.404 | |
p-Value | 0.002 | 0.01 | 0.057 | 0.074 | 0.66 | 0.019 |
Item 1 | Treatment 2 | PA | PB1 | PB2 | PB3 | PC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CAR | Raw | 2.29 | 0.20 | 2.00 | 4.16 | 4.96 |
Steam explosion | 2.37 | 0.04 | 3.77 | 1.28 | 6.55 | |
SEM 3 | 0.09 | 0.012 | 0.032 | 0.077 | 0.155 | |
p-Value | 0.074 | 0.007 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.011 | |
DG | Raw | 2.72 | 0.33 | 8.33 | 1.66 | 3.06 |
Steam explosion | 2.51 | 0.24 | 11.65 | 0.87 | 1.72 | |
SEM | 0.101 | 0.012 | 0.193 | 0.052 | 0.039 | |
p-Value | 0.14 | 0.046 | 0.005 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
CM | Raw | 6.77 | 1.41 | 33.73 | 1.75 | 1.65 |
Steam explosion | 6.38 | 1.18 | 29.44 | 3.61 | 1.98 | |
SEM | 0.09 | 0.093 | 0.107 | 0.092 | 0.114 | |
p-Value | 0.018 | 0.003 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.098 | |
RM | Raw | 0.94 | 0.10 | 13.21 | 12.65 | 17.65 |
Steam explosion | 8.77 | 1.62 | 5.58 | 11.8 | 17.53 | |
SEM | 0.038 | 0.019 | 0.039 | 0.104 | 0.118 | |
p-Value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.013 | 0.068 | |
PSR | Raw | 8.39 | 1.3 | 0.72 | 0.65 | 0.64 |
Steam explosion | 1.17 | 0.20 | 7.47 | 0.51 | 0.75 | |
SEM | 0.047 | 0.09 | 0.064 | 0.07 | 0.088 | |
p-Value | <0.001 | 0.022 | <0.001 | 0.199 | 0.184 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Liu, Y.; Ren, X.; Wu, H.; Meng, Q.; Zhou, Z. Steam Explosion Treatment of Byproduct Feedstuffs for Potential Use as Ruminant Feed. Animals 2019, 9, 688. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9090688
Liu Y, Ren X, Wu H, Meng Q, Zhou Z. Steam Explosion Treatment of Byproduct Feedstuffs for Potential Use as Ruminant Feed. Animals. 2019; 9(9):688. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9090688
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Yue, Xiaoxuan Ren, Hao Wu, Qingxiang Meng, and Zhenming Zhou. 2019. "Steam Explosion Treatment of Byproduct Feedstuffs for Potential Use as Ruminant Feed" Animals 9, no. 9: 688. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9090688