Dietary Inclusion of Mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) Stem Waste on Growth Performance, Antibody Response, Immune Status, and Serum Cholesterol in Broiler Chickens
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design, Chickens, and Dietary Treatment
2.2. Chemical Analysis of Mushroom Stem Waste and Diets
2.3. Chicken Performance
2.4. Vaccination and Serum Biochemical Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Growth Performance
3.2. Effect of Mushroom Stem Waste (MW) on Antibody Response
3.3. Effect of Mushroom Stem Waste (MW) on Serum Immunity
3.4. Effect of Mushroom Stem Waste (MW) on Serum Metabolic Profile
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Items | Starter (Day 1–21) | Finisher (Day 22–42) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NC | PC | 1% MW | 2% MW | NC | PC | 1% MW | 2% MW | |
Corn | 594.6 | 594.6 | 585.6 | 576.6 | 650.4 | 650.4 | 642.5 | 627.2 |
Corn gluten meal | 25.0 | 25.0 | 25.0 | 33.0 | 30.0 | 30.0 | 30.0 | 33.0 |
Soybean meal | 288.3 | 288.3 | 287.3 | 275.3 | 232.2 | 232.2 | 230.7 | 227.0 |
Fish meal | 25.0 | 25.0 | 25.0 | 25.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 |
Soybean oil | 30.0 | 30.0 | 30.0 | 33.0 | 34.0 | 34.0 | 34.0 | 40.0 |
MW 1 | - | - | 10.0 | 20.0 | - | - | 10.0 | 20.0 |
Dicalcium phosphate 2 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 |
Limestone | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.4 |
Salt | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
Lysine-L 2 (98%) | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.90 |
Methionine 2 (98%) | 1.30 | 1.30 | 1.30 | 1.30 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.80 | 0.80 |
Threonine 2(98%) | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 |
Premix 3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 |
Chlortetracycline | - | 0.08 | - | - | - | 0.08 | - | - |
Total (g) | 1000 | 1000 | 1000 | 1000 | 1000 | 1000 | 1000 | 1000 |
Chemical analysis(g/kg) | ||||||||
Dry matter | 880.5 | 876.0 | 877.7 | 880.1 | 879.6 | 879.3 | 874.6 | 876.8 |
Crude protein | 210.1 | 210.1 | 210.0 | 210.3 | 190.2 | 190.1 | 190.3 | 190.2 |
Calcium | 10.1 | 10.0 | 10.2 | 10.1 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.1 | 9.1 |
Phosphorus | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.5 |
Ether extract | 56.5 | 56.5 | 56.6 | 59.3 | 61.3 | 61.2 | 61.3 | 67.0 |
Crude fiber | 28.1 | 28.0 | 30.1 | 31.7 | 25.6 | 25.5 | 27.6 | 29.5 |
Calculated analysis(g/kg) | ||||||||
Metabolisable energy (MJ/kg) | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.1 |
Lysine | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 9.9 | 10.0 |
Methionine | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 4.0 |
Cystine | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.9 |
Threonine | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 7.3 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 7.3 |
Tryptophan | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.4 |
Chemical Composition and Active Ingredients | Value (g/kg) |
---|---|
Moisture | 147.37 ± 0.03 |
Crude protein (CP, %N × 6.25) | 127.5 ± 0.66 |
Crude fiber (CF) | 202.4 ± 0.93 |
Ether extract (EE) | 15.0 ± 0.02 |
Ash (total minerals) | 83.5 ± 0.04 |
Organic matter (OM) | 916.5 ± 0.75 |
Nitrogen free extract (NFE) | 507.73 ± 4.5 |
Aspartic acid | 10.5 ± 0.08 |
Calcium | 3.6 ± 0.15 |
Phosphorus | 8.8 ± 0.23 |
Threonine | 5.2 ± 0.08 |
Serine | 5.1 ± 0.06 |
Glutamic acid | 21.5 ± 0.09 |
Proline | 5.4 ± 0.07 |
Glycine | 5.1 ± 0.08 |
Alanine | 7.2 ± 0.04 |
Valine | 5.4 ± 0.03 |
Isoleucine | 4.6 ± 0.02 |
Leucine | 7.1 ± 0.06 |
Tyrosine | 5.6 ± 0.07 |
Phenylalanine | 5.5 ± 0.08 |
Histidine | 2.3 ± 0.05 |
Lysine | 8.1 ± 0.07 |
Arginine | 5.6 ± 0.05 |
Cystine | 1.3 ± 0.01 |
Methionine | 1.4 ± 0.01 |
Tryptophan | 1.5 ± 0.01 |
β-glucan | 1.85 ± 0.05 |
Total phenolic content (mg, GAE/g) | 6.56 ± 0.23 |
Energy (MJ/kg) | 15.16 ± 0.03 |
Items | Treatments | SEM | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NC (0%MW) | PC (0%MW) | 1% MW | 2% MW | |||
Average daily feed intake (g/d) | ||||||
1–21 day | 37.16 | 38.52 | 37.62 | 36.39 | 0.53 | 0.578 |
22–42 day | 97.28 | 112.63 | 108.96 | 110.93 | 2.40 | 0.093 |
1–42 day | 67.22 | 75.57 | 73.29 | 73.66 | 1.33 | 0.136 |
Average daily body weight gain (g/d) | ||||||
1–21 day | 28.01 | 28.21 | 27.96 | 27.74 | 0.40 | 0.983 |
22–42 day | 52.39 | 67.01 | 62.87 | 63.68 | 2.17 | 0.088 |
1–42 day | 40.19 | 47.61 | 45.42 | 45.71 | 1.17 | 0.136 |
Feed conversion ratio, FCR (g/g) | ||||||
0–21 day | 1.33 | 1.36 | 1.34 | 1.31 | 0.02 | 0.850 |
22–42 day | 1.85 | 1.68 | 1.75 | 1.74 | 0.07 | 0.307 |
1–42 day | 1.67 | 1.58 | 1.62 | 1.61 | 0.02 | 0.446 |
IBW (g) | 45.02 | 44.62 | 45.19 | 45.23 | 0.18 | 0.681 |
FBW(g) | 1742 | 2066 | 1977 | 1992 | 51.36 | 0.127 |
Items | Treatments | SEM | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NC (0%MW) | PC (0%MW) | 1% MW | 2% MW | |||
Newcastle disease (ND) (ng/L) | ||||||
Day14 | 771.38 b | 882.63 ab | 922.0 ab | 1045.13 a | 36.37 | 0.042 |
Day28 | 813.25 ab | 783.88 b | 914.5 ab | 945.13 a | 24.12 | 0.028 |
infectious bursal diseases (IBD) (ng/L) | ||||||
Day21 | 15.33 ab | 13.12 b | 16.14 ab | 17.64 a | 0.61 | 0.046 |
Day28 | 14.06 ab | 12.65 b | 15.85 ab | 16.42 a | 0.54 | 0.030 |
Items | Treatments | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NC (0%MW) | PC (0%MW) | 1% MW | 2% MW | SEM | ||
IgA (µg/mL) | 79.94 | 79.86 | 86.46 | 89.86 | 3.47 | 0.717 |
IgG (µg/mL) | 45.37 bc | 44.48 c | 53.43 ab | 57.05 a | 1.63 | 0.002 |
IgM (µg/mL) | 19.86 | 19.50 | 21.35 | 22.17 | 0.65 | 0.461 |
IL-2 (ng/L) | 310.97 b | 379.29 ab | 389.52 ab | 411.96 a | 14.05 | 0.043 |
IL-4 (ng/L) | 213.37 b | 265.65 b | 288.44 ab | 312.75 a | 15.13 | 0.046 |
IL-6 (ng/L) | 155.87 b | 167.55 ab | 201.89 ab | 218.80 a | 8.87 | 0.020 |
TNF-α (ng/L) | 465.97 | 438.32 | 483.77 | 486.55 | 16.54 | 0.759 |
Items | Treatments | SEM | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NC (0%MW) | PC (0%MW) | 1%MW | 2%MW | |||
TC (mmol/L) | 3.26 a | 2.81 b | 2.77 b | 2.64 b | 0.08 | 0.005 |
TG (mmol/L) | 0.74 | 0.71 | 0.68 | 0.69 | 0.03 | 0.883 |
HDL (mmol/L) | 2.76 a | 2.49 ab | 2.10 c | 2.20 bc | 0.08 | 0.001 |
LDL (mmol/L) | 0.27 | 0.34 | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.02 | 0.092 |
BUN (mmol/L) | 0.51 | 0.48 | 0.45 | 0.47 | 0.03 | 0.859 |
TP (g/L) | 27.0 | 26.0 | 28.0 | 28.3 | 0.75 | 0.746 |
ALB (g/L) | 12.3 | 12.5 | 12.3 | 13.0 | 0.24 | 0.702 |
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Share and Cite
Mahfuz, S.; He, T.; Liu, S.; Wu, D.; Long, S.; Piao, X. Dietary Inclusion of Mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) Stem Waste on Growth Performance, Antibody Response, Immune Status, and Serum Cholesterol in Broiler Chickens. Animals 2019, 9, 692. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9090692
Mahfuz S, He T, Liu S, Wu D, Long S, Piao X. Dietary Inclusion of Mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) Stem Waste on Growth Performance, Antibody Response, Immune Status, and Serum Cholesterol in Broiler Chickens. Animals. 2019; 9(9):692. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9090692
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahfuz, Shad, Tengfei He, Sujie Liu, Di Wu, Shenfei Long, and Xiangshu Piao. 2019. "Dietary Inclusion of Mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) Stem Waste on Growth Performance, Antibody Response, Immune Status, and Serum Cholesterol in Broiler Chickens" Animals 9, no. 9: 692. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9090692