Understanding How Infrared Beak Treatment Affects the Beak Tissue and the Healing Response of Brown and White Feathered Layer Pullets
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Beak Sloughing
3.2. Beak Length and Growth
3.3. Beak Histology
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Strain 1 | Beak Treatment 2 | Guard-Plate | Mirror | Power |
---|---|---|---|---|
LB | IR | 26/23 | Aluminum mid-wrap | 42 |
C | 26/23 | - | - | |
LW | IR | 26/23 | Aluminum mid-wrap | 40 |
C | 26/23 | - | - |
Score | Description |
---|---|
0 | No lesions, triangular shaped beak tip, numerous Herbst corpuscles and mature collagen bundles |
0.5 | Completely healed epithelium, entire beak covered with epithelium, minimal fibrovascular tissue, triangular- or square-shaped beak tip |
1 | Completely healed epithelium, entire beak covered with epithelium, minimal inflammation or necrosis, mild to moderate fibrovascular tissue, square-shaped beak tip |
1.5 | Moderately healed epithelium which is about to unite at beak tip, mild inflammation, moderate fibrovascular tissue, mild to moderate necrotic debris at beak tip |
2 | Mild to moderate healing, regenerating epithelium covering 50% or more of the beak tissue, moderate inflammation and fibrovascular tissue, moderate necrotic debris and bacterial colonies |
2.5 | Mild healing, epithelial regeneration is visible as a single cell layer stretched out from the normal epithelium, increased fibroblasts, moderate to severe inflammation and necrosis of the beak |
3 | Severe coagulative necrosis, hemorrhage, edema, cavitation, severe inflammation, and possible bacterial infection |
4 | Severe coagulative necrosis, hemorrhage, edema, cavitation of the beak below the treatment line |
Age (Days) | Beak Treatment 1 | Strain 2 | Interaction | SEM | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IR | C | p-Value | LB | LW | p-Value | p-Value | ||
Top beak | ||||||||
1 | 5.44 | 5.53 | 0.096 | 5.55 a | 5.41 b | 0.015 | 0.759 | 0.029 |
7 | 6.69 | 6.66 | 0.605 | 6.60 b | 6.75 a | 0.017 | 0.124 | 0.030 |
14 | 6.91 b | 8.54 a | <0.001 | 7.91 | 7.53 | 0.107 | 0.047 | 0.162 |
21 | 6.06 b | 9.91 a | <0.001 | 7.90 | 8.08 | 0.526 | 0.895 | 0.512 |
Growth | 0.63 b | 4.38 a | <0.001 | 2.35 b | 2.66 a | 0.047 | 0.956 | 0.533 |
Bottom beak | ||||||||
1 | 4.81 a | 4.52 b | <0.001 | 4.79 a | 4.53 b | <0.001 | 0.853 | 0.037 |
7 | 5.92 a | 5.47 b | <0.001 | 5.74 | 5.66 | 0.340 | 0.828 | 0.044 |
14 | 5.82 b | 7.02 a | <0.001 | 6.42 | 6.40 | 0.856 | 0.382 | 0.135 |
21 | 5.57 b | 8.40 a | <0.001 | 6.93 | 7.04 | 0.692 | 0.467 | 0.385 |
Growth | 0.76 b | 3.88 a | <0.001 | 2.15 b | 2.51 a | 0.045 | 0.098 | 0.449 |
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Struthers, S.; Gupta, A.; Gomis, S.; Herwig, E.; Schwean-Lardner, K. Understanding How Infrared Beak Treatment Affects the Beak Tissue and the Healing Response of Brown and White Feathered Layer Pullets. Animals 2019, 9, 665. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9090665
Struthers S, Gupta A, Gomis S, Herwig E, Schwean-Lardner K. Understanding How Infrared Beak Treatment Affects the Beak Tissue and the Healing Response of Brown and White Feathered Layer Pullets. Animals. 2019; 9(9):665. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9090665
Chicago/Turabian StyleStruthers, Sarah, Ashish Gupta, Susantha Gomis, Eugenia Herwig, and Karen Schwean-Lardner. 2019. "Understanding How Infrared Beak Treatment Affects the Beak Tissue and the Healing Response of Brown and White Feathered Layer Pullets" Animals 9, no. 9: 665. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9090665