Effects of Physical Forms of Total Mixed Rations on Intake, Weaning Age, Growth Performance, and Blood Metabolites of Crossbred Dairy Calves
1
Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore-54000, Pakistan
2
Department of Livestock Production, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore-54000, Pakistan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Animals 2019, 9(8), 495; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9080495
Received: 27 June 2019
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Revised: 22 July 2019
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Accepted: 25 July 2019
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Published: 27 July 2019
(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)
Simple Summary
Weaning the calf earlier has been found to reduce the milk feeding and labor cost through higher solid feed intake and early rumen development. Forages, when included in calf starter diet, have been found to be beneficial in this regard. This experiment was planned to evaluate the effects of adding 15% oat hay to calf starter and feeding the same as pelleted or un-pelleted total mix ration. Three groups of calves were given four liters of milk daily during the first week and then six liters daily with free access to water and the respective starter diet. The quantity of milk was gradually reduced until the calf started consuming 800 grams of starter for three days. Feed intake, health scores, and shed temperature/humidity were recorded daily. Body weight, body measurements, and blood sample collections were carried out weekly. Feed intake and body measurement gains were similar in all groups. Blood metabolite concentrations and rumen development parameters were also not affected. Average daily weight gain and feed efficiency were numerically higher for calves given pelleted total mix ration followed by unpelleted total mix ration and only concentrate starter feed. On average, calves fed pelleted total mix ration were weaned 5.4 days earlier than those fed only concentrate. No negative effect was observed on any health or growth parameter with addition of oat hay. Expenditure per kg of weight gain was numerically lowest in the pellet fed group, followed by hay mix starter and only starter fed calves. Oat hay may be safely included in calf starter ration as pelleted mixture with economic benefits.
This study evaluated the effects of hay-based total mix ration (TMR) in pelleted or unpelleted form on intake, weaning age, performance parameters, blood metabolites, and cost-effectiveness in crossbred dairy calves during the preweaning period under hot climatic conditions. Thirty calves (4 ± 1 days (d) old), were assigned to one of the three dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. Treatments assigned were: (1) conventional calf starter (CCS); without hay (2) TMR containing 85% calf starter and 15% chopped oat hay (OH) and (3) pelleted TMR (PTMR) containing 85% calf starter and 15% OH. Colostrum-fed calves were offered four liters (L) of whole milk each, during the first week, followed by six L daily. Calves were weaned off milk gradually on the basis of targeted starter intake of 200, 600, and 800 grams, after which they were considered weaned. Environmental temperature, feed intake, and health scores were recorded daily. The calves experienced heat stress with an average temperature-humidity index (THI) of 80.06 ± 3.42. Results revealed that average daily dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed efficiency (FE) were not different (P > 0.05) among the treatments. Changes in body measurements, rumen development parameters, and blood metabolites were also not affected by the treatments (P > 0.05). Average weaning age in PTMR was 5.4 d earlier as compared to CCS. Feed cost per unit gain tended to be lower for PTMR compared with CCS-fed (86%) calves. Feeding pelleted TMR containing 15% OH tended to reduce the weaning age and feed cost per unit gain without affecting growth performance, intake, FE, and health parameters in crossbred calves under heat stress conditions.
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Keywords:
calf; oat hay; pelleted; performance
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MDPI and ACS Style
Iqbal, Z.; Rashid, M.A.; Pasha, T.N.; Ahmed, J. Effects of Physical Forms of Total Mixed Rations on Intake, Weaning Age, Growth Performance, and Blood Metabolites of Crossbred Dairy Calves. Animals 2019, 9, 495. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9080495
AMA Style
Iqbal Z, Rashid MA, Pasha TN, Ahmed J. Effects of Physical Forms of Total Mixed Rations on Intake, Weaning Age, Growth Performance, and Blood Metabolites of Crossbred Dairy Calves. Animals. 2019; 9(8):495. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9080495
Chicago/Turabian StyleIqbal, Zahid, Muhammad A. Rashid, Talat N. Pasha, and Jalees Ahmed. 2019. "Effects of Physical Forms of Total Mixed Rations on Intake, Weaning Age, Growth Performance, and Blood Metabolites of Crossbred Dairy Calves" Animals 9, no. 8: 495. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9080495
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