Activity Rhythms of Coexisting Red Serow and Chinese Serow at Mt. Gaoligong as Identified by Camera Traps
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Infrared Camera-Trapping
2.3. Data Analysis
2.3.1. Identification of Serows
2.3.2. Independent Detections and Behaviors
2.3.3. Circular Kernel Density Models
3. Results
3.1. Survey Results
3.2. Overall Daily Activity Rhythm
3.3. Seasonal Variation of Daily Activity Rhythms
3.4. Seasonal Variation of Feeding and Vigilance Behaviors
3.5. Coexistence and Associated Daily Activity Rhythms
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Trapping Periods | Camera-Trapping Sites | Trapping Days | Elevation (m) |
---|---|---|---|
November 2013 to November 2014 | 29 | 4298 | 2570–3240 |
November 2014 to October 2015 | 24 | 5039 | 2570–3425 |
October 2015 to October 2016 | 20 | 4053 | 2620–3425 |
November 2016 to November 2017 | 32 | 9827 | 2570–3447 |
November 2017 to January 2019 | 26 | 8025 | 2620–3447 |
Total camera-trapping sites: 50 | Total trapping days: 31,242 |
Trait | Red Serow (Capricornis Rubidus) | Chinese Serow (C. Milneedwardsii Milneedwardsii) |
---|---|---|
Overall coloration | Reddish-brown | Black, dark brown |
Overall coloration in monochrome images | Light grey | Black, dark grey |
Hair | Slick, very short | Coarse rather thin |
Mane | Very short, dark red | Medium, mixed black to pale yellow |
Jaw streak | White | White to golden-brown |
Throat patch | Large and continuous, white | Usually discrete, white |
Upper half of legs | Reddish-brown | Black |
Lower half of legs | Buffy red | Reddish tan, creamy white |
Category | Red Serow (Capricornis Rubidus) | Chinese Serow (C. Milneedwardsii Milneedwardsii) | Uncertain Serow (Capricornis Spp.) |
---|---|---|---|
Number of photos | 956 | 1125 | 106 |
Number of videos | 263 | 225 | 36 |
Camera-trapping sites | 27 | 25 | 3 |
Independent detections | 157 | 179 | 7 |
Detections in wet season | 82 | 86 | 0 |
Detections in dry season | 75 | 93 | 7 |
Feeding in wet season | 31 | 23 | 0 |
Feeding in dry season | 20 | 35 | 0 |
Vigilance in wet season | 22 | 21 | 0 |
Vigilance in dry season | 23 | 31 | 0 |
Co-occurring detections | 13 | 13 | 0 |
Single-species detections | 144 | 166 | 0 |
Category | Red Serow (Capricornis Rubidus) | Chinese Serow (C. Milneedwardsii Milneedwardsii) | R. Test | Wald Test | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate | CI | Estimate | CI | p | W | p | |
Overall | 0.573 ± 0.074 | 0.449–0.737 | 0.696 ± 0.069 | 0.526–0.795 | 0.119 | 1.476 ± 0.101 | 0.224 |
Wet season | 0.592 ± 0.082 | 0.342–0.666 | 0.605 ± 0.073 | 0.380–0.665 | 0.002 * | 0.014 ± 0.110 | 0.905 |
Dry season | 0.538 ± 0.077 | 0.324–0.623 | 0.457 ± 0.070 | 0.287–0.560 | 0.678 | 0.618 ± 0.104 | 0.432 |
Feeding (w) | 0.475 ± 0.094 | 0.223–0.588 | 0.449 ± 0.095 | 0.219–0.581 | 0.034 * | 0.039 ± 0.133 | 0.844 |
Feeding (d) | 0.461 ± 0.101 | 0.208–0.598 | 0.380 ± 0.089 | 0.217–0.561 | 0.885 | 0.359 ± 0.135 | 0.549 |
Vigilance (w) | 0.517 ± 0.105 | 0.203–0.602 | 0.530 ± 0.090 | 0.209–0.557 | 0.017 * | 0.009 ± 0.138 | 0.926 |
Vigilance (d) | 0.563 ± 0.095 | 0.236–0.604 | 0.478 ± 0.108 | 0.234–0.645 | 0.380 | 0.350 ± 0.143 | 0.554 |
Category | Red Serow (Capricornis Rubidus) | Chinese Serow (C. Milneedwardsii Milneedwardsii) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R. Test | Wald Test | R. Test | Wald Test | |||
p | W | p | p | W | p | |
Wet season/Dry season | 0.382 | 0.222 ± 0.113 | 0.637 | <0.0001 * | 2.148 ± 0.101 | 0.143 |
Feeding (w)/Feeding (d) | 0.894 | 0.011 ± 0.138 | 0.917 | 0.046 * | 0.283 ± 0.130 | 0.595 |
Vigilance (w)/Vigilance (d) | 0.751 | 0.107 ± 0.141 | 0.744 | 0.014 * | 0.135 ± 0.141 | 0.713 |
Category | Single-Species | Co-Occurring | R. Test | Wald Test | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate | CI | Estimate | CI | p | W | p | |
Red serow (Capricornis rubidus) | 0.547 ± 0.073 | 0.431–0.715 | 0.383 ± 0.103 | 0.147–0.548 | 0.052 | 1.590 ± 0.127 | 0.207 |
Chinese serow (C. milneedwardsii milneedwardsii) | 0.683 ± 0.071 | 0.517–0.795 | 0.149 | 5.689 ± 0.126 | 0.017 * |
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Chen, Y.; Xiao, Z.; Zhang, L.; Wang, X.; Li, M.; Xiang, Z. Activity Rhythms of Coexisting Red Serow and Chinese Serow at Mt. Gaoligong as Identified by Camera Traps. Animals 2019, 9, 1071. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9121071
Chen Y, Xiao Z, Zhang L, Wang X, Li M, Xiang Z. Activity Rhythms of Coexisting Red Serow and Chinese Serow at Mt. Gaoligong as Identified by Camera Traps. Animals. 2019; 9(12):1071. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9121071
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Yixin, Zhishu Xiao, Long Zhang, Xinwen Wang, Ming Li, and Zuofu Xiang. 2019. "Activity Rhythms of Coexisting Red Serow and Chinese Serow at Mt. Gaoligong as Identified by Camera Traps" Animals 9, no. 12: 1071. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9121071
APA StyleChen, Y., Xiao, Z., Zhang, L., Wang, X., Li, M., & Xiang, Z. (2019). Activity Rhythms of Coexisting Red Serow and Chinese Serow at Mt. Gaoligong as Identified by Camera Traps. Animals, 9(12), 1071. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9121071