Complex Body Wall Closure Defects in Seven Dog Fetuses: An Anatomic and CT Scan Study
Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- Initial examination and fixation: each fetus was examined macroscopically and then fixed in 5% formaldehyde for preservation.
- Anthropometric measurements: body weight was recorded using a digital precision scale, and body length was measured using a flexible tape.
- Gross anatomical evaluation: standard dissection techniques were employed to assess and document structural malformations across multiple anatomical systems.
- Radiographic imaging: radiographs were taken using a Sedecal (Algete, Madrid, Spain) 20 kW three-phase high-frequency X-ray unit equipped with a Toshiba Rotanode E7239X F 2 mm–1 mm X-ray tube (Otawara, Japan) and an Optimus DR direct digital detector panel.
- Computed tomography (CT) analysis: high-resolution CT scans were performed using a Toshiba Aquilion 64 multislice CT scanner (350 mA, 120 kV, 512 × 512 matrix, 5.5 cm field of view). Images were acquired with a bone reconstruction algorithm (window level 550, window width 2550, slice thickness 0.5 mm, pitch 0.4 mm).
- 3D visualization: CT data were reconstructed in three dimensions to enhance identification and analysis of complex congenital anomalies.
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AA | Anal atresia |
AB | Amniotic band |
Ab | Abdominoschisis |
ABDC | Amniotic band disruption complex |
ArCTV | Arthrogryposis in the cervical and thoracic vertebrae |
AI | Artificial insemination |
ArPL | Arthrogryposis in the pelvic limb |
ArLTL | Arthrogryposis in the left thoracic limb |
ArRPL | Arthrogryposis in the right pelvic limb |
ARTL | Amelia of the right thoracic limb |
ASA | Axial skeletal anomaly |
BCH | Bilateral cheiloschisis |
BSA | Body stalk anomaly |
BWD | Body wall defect |
CBWA | Complex body wall anomaly |
CFA | Craniofacial anomalies |
ChPa | Cheilognathopalatoschisis |
CP | Complete palatoschisis |
CRL | Crown-rump length |
DUV | Dispersed umbilical vessels |
ES | Extreme scoliosis |
HC | Hydrocephalus |
HLUA | Hypoplastic left umbilical artery |
HV | Hemivertebrae |
JLE | Jejunal loop eventration |
K | Kyphosis |
LA | Limb anomaly |
l-CDLAB | Left caudolateral abdominoschisis |
l-CLO | Left caudolateral omphalocele |
LLRF | Left lateral retroflexion |
MLPL | Meromelia of the left pelvic limb |
MLTL | Meromelia of the left thoracic limb |
MS | Mild scoliosis |
PRPL | Phocomelia of the right pelvic limb |
O | Omphalocele |
r-Lab | Right lateral abodominoschisis |
S | Scoliosis |
SPBWC | Spinal–body wall complex |
SPLBWC | Spinal–limb–body wall complex |
SSBWC | Sternal–spinal–body wall complex |
STBWC | Sternal–body wall complex |
SUA | Single umbilical artery |
UC | Umbilical cord |
UCA | Umbilical cord anomaly |
UGA | Urogenital anomaly |
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Case | Weight (g) | CRL (cm) | BWD (cm) | Parturition | Breed | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | Mother’s Age (years) | Litter Size | Gestation Time | Maternal Parity | Mating | |||||
C 1 ♀ | 280 | 13.5 | 2.9 × 2.9 | C-section | 3 | 6 | 59 | P | Natural | Pitbull |
C 2 ♂ | 125 | 9.8 | 1.1 ×2.9 | Natural delivery | 2 | 7 | 60 | M | Natural | Medium-sized mongrel dog |
C 3 ♂ | 105 | 8.2 | 2.9 × 3 | C-section | 2 | 3 | 59 | P | Natural | Yorkshire terrier |
C 4 ♂ | 85 | 7.5 | 0.6 × 0.6 | C-section | 3 | 6 | 60 | M | Natural | Teckel |
C 5 ♂ | 62 | 11.4 | 1.5 × 0.9 | Dystocia | 4 | 3 | 60 | P | Natural | Yorkshire terrier |
C 6 ♂ | 60 | 9.5 | 0.4 × 0.4 | C-section | 2.5 | 4 | 61 | UNK | AI | Pincher |
C 7 ♂ | 105 | 10.1 | 0.5 × 0.5 | Natural delivery | 6 | 5 | 60 | P | Natural | Mongrel dog (teckel-like) |
Case | BWD | ASA | UCA | LA | AA | CFA | UGA | AB | Diagnosis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C 1 ♀ | l-CLO Exposure to the exterior of the spleen, liver along with the gallbladder, pancreas, part of the stomach, and all the intestine except the descending colon and the rectum | S Hypoplasia of S1 and S2, agenesis of S3 and caudal vertebrae. Hypoplasia of both the ilium and the ischium and agenesis of both pubes | DUV. SUA | MLPL | + | − | Persistent urogenital sinus. Genital hypoplasia. Left renal agenesis | − | BSA III SPLBWC |
C 2 ♂ | l-CLAb JLE | S HV at the T5–T7 level, hypoplasia of left ribs 6, 7, and 8 and agenesis of left ribs 10 to 13. Agenesis of sacral and caudal vertebrae | DUV HLUA | MLPL | − | − | Hypoplasia of the genital tract and the genital organs | − | BSA III SPLBWC |
C 3 ♂ | r-LAb External exposure of the kidneys, spleen, liver along with the gallbladder, pancreas, part of the stomach, and all the intestine except the descending colon and the rectum | LLRF ES Vertebral block at the point of maximum flexion of the spine and presence of HV at the thoracolumbar junction. | DUV HLUA | ARTL MRTL PRPL ArRPL | SP | Bilateral renal hipoplasia and genital hypoplasia | − | BSA III SPLBWC | |
C 4 ♂ | O JLE | K Presence of HV at level T7–T9 corresponding with the point of maximum flexion of the spine. | DUV | ArPL | + | SP Mouse snout | Hypoplasia of the genital tract and the genital organs | Amniotic adhesion in the right ventrolateral portion of the frontal region. Remnants of the amnion attached to the nostrils | BSA IV SPBWC |
C 5 ♂ | O JLE | ArCTV Agenesis of the sacrum and the caudal vertebrae. | DUV | ArPL The plantar surface of both extremities is directed medially | + | − | Complete hypospadias | − | BSA IV SPBWC |
C 6 ♂ | O JLE | MS Presence of a vertebral block T2–T3 and HV at T8 level | DUV | ArLTL | − | ChPa | − | BSA VIII SPBWC | |
C 7 ♂ | O JLE | MS | DUV | ArPL The plantar surface of both extremities is directed dorsally | − | HC | − | BSA VIII SPBWC |
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Martín-Alguacil, N.; Cozar, J.M.; Avedillo, L. Complex Body Wall Closure Defects in Seven Dog Fetuses: An Anatomic and CT Scan Study. Animals 2025, 15, 2030. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142030
Martín-Alguacil N, Cozar JM, Avedillo L. Complex Body Wall Closure Defects in Seven Dog Fetuses: An Anatomic and CT Scan Study. Animals. 2025; 15(14):2030. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142030
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartín-Alguacil, Nieves, José M. Cozar, and Luis Avedillo. 2025. "Complex Body Wall Closure Defects in Seven Dog Fetuses: An Anatomic and CT Scan Study" Animals 15, no. 14: 2030. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142030
APA StyleMartín-Alguacil, N., Cozar, J. M., & Avedillo, L. (2025). Complex Body Wall Closure Defects in Seven Dog Fetuses: An Anatomic and CT Scan Study. Animals, 15(14), 2030. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142030