Impact of Two-Stage Weaning and Bovine-Appeasing Substance on Growth, Temperament, Pasture Behavior, and Immune System of Nellore Calves
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Location and Procedures
2.2. Animals, Treatments and Sample Collection
2.3. Laboratory Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. NF Effects
3.2. Effects of BAS
3.3. NF × BAS Interactions
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Items 1 | Definition |
---|---|
Walking | All four legs were moving with the head raised or not (still) |
Drinking water | Mouth below the waterline in the trough ingesting water |
Grazing | Picking or consuming pasture with the head close to the ground, still or moving slowly |
Visiting the feed trough | Head over the feed trough |
Lying down | Lying down in any resting position |
Lying down ruminating 2 | Lying down in any resting position and ruminating |
Standing | Not walking |
Standing ruminating 2 | Not walking and ruminating |
Cross-suckling | Calf suckling on another |
Vocalizing | Making sounds and heard by the observer |
Playing | Jumping, running, with no sign of stress |
Items 1 | NF and NoNF Pasture 2 | NoBAS Pasture 2 | BAS Pasture 2 | NF and BAS Pasture 2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
d −14 | d 0 | d 7 | d 7 | d 14 | d 28 | d 56 | d 84 | |
CP, g/kg | 3.80 | 4.70 | 5.70 | 4.90 | 6.20 | 6.30 | 3.30 | 4.60 |
NDF, g/kg | 79.6 | 77.1 | 69.6 | 77.8 | 68.7 | 66.7 | 79.8 | 77.1 |
ADF, g/kg | 69.7 | 67.4 | 59.5 | 69.6 | 57.3 | 57.2 | 71.0 | 73.8 |
Lignin, g/kg | 5.40 | 5.40 | 5.40 | 6.10 | 6.10 | 6.10 | 6.10 | 6.10 |
EE, g/kg | 2.00 | 2.00 | 1.50 | 1.20 | 1.40 | 1.10 | 0.80 | 1.10 |
Ash, g/kg | 8.50 | 7.90 | 7.70 | 7.40 | 8.40 | 7.40 | 8.30 | 8.80 |
TDN, g/100 g | 56.7 | 57.0 | 59.0 | 55.6 | 57.1 | 58.2 | 53.7 | 54.2 |
NEm, Mcal/kg | 2.00 | 2.10 | 2.10 | 2.00 | 2.10 | 2.10 | 2.40 | 2.40 |
NEg, Mcal/kg | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.70 | 0.60 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.50 | 0.60 |
FM, kg DM/ha | 5040 | 4640 | 4392 | 5368 | 3840 | 4560 | 3720 | 4800 |
FA, kg DM/kg of BW | 25.9 | 23.7 | 22.3 | 27.2 | 19.3 | 22.2 | 16.9 | 23.1 |
Items 1 | Treatments 2 | SEM | p-Value 3 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NoNF | NF | |||||||
NoBAS | BAS | NoBAS | BAS | NF | BAS | NF × BAS | ||
BW, kg | 199 | 203 | 193 | 194 | 1.42 | <0.01 | 0.09 | 0.30 |
ADG, kg/d | ||||||||
d−14 to 0 | 0.378 | - | −0.289 | - | 0.13 | <0.01 | - | - |
d0 to 14 | −0.016 c | 0.379 b | −0.145 d | 0.595 a | 0.10 | 0.66 | <0.01 | 0.08 |
d14 to 28 | 0.465 | 0.698 | 0.602 | 0.550 | 0.13 | 0.96 | 0.50 | 0.29 |
d28 to 56 | 0.486 | 0.567 | 0.486 | 0.373 | 0.57 | 0.30 | 0.95 | 0.18 |
d56 to 84 | −0.404 | −0.392 | −0.346 | −0.522 | 0.09 | 0.71 | 0.39 | 0.33 |
d−14 to 84 | 0.140 | 0.203 | 0.089 | 0.103 | 0.03 | 0.007 | 0.16 | 0.35 |
d0 to 84 | 0.138 | 0.220 | 0.070 | 0.099 | 0.03 | 0.003 | 0.09 | 0.29 |
Items | Treatments 1 | SEM | p-Value 2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NoNF | NF | |||||||
NoBAS | BAS | NoBAS | BAS | NF | BAS | NF × BAS | ||
Chute score, 1–5 | 1.63 | 1.49 | 1.68 | 1.68 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.40 | 0.40 |
Exit score, 1–3 | 1.16 | 1.24 | 1.35 | 1.23 | 0.07 | 0.22 | 0.77 | 0.12 |
Rabies antibody titers 3, log2 | 1.76 | 2.12 | 3.01 | 2.23 | 0.75 | 0.35 | 0.78 | 0.45 |
Items, % of Activities | Treatments 1 | SEM | p-Value 2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NoNF | NF | |||||||
NoBAS | BAS | NoBAS | BAS | NF | BAS | NF × BAS | ||
Walking | 5.68 | 5.93 | 5.86 | 5.61 | 0.27 | 0.79 | 0.99 | 0.36 |
Drinking water | 1.29 | 1.21 | 1.15 | 1.28 | 0.14 | 0.78 | 0.83 | 0.45 |
Grazing | 60.6 | 63.8 | 65.1 | 66.6 | 0.78 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.30 |
Visiting the feed trough | 0.50 | 0.72 | 0.42 | 0.67 | 0.08 | 0.27 | 0.01 | 0.88 |
Lying | 16.3 | 13.5 | 16.7 | 14.9 | 0.67 | 0.22 | <0.01 | 0.47 |
Lying ruminating | 4.22 | 5.21 | 2.90 | 4.29 | 0.34 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.57 |
Total lying | 20.8 | 18.7 | 19.7 | 19.0 | 0.77 | 0.66 | 0.08 | 0.37 |
Standing | 6.69 | 5.95 | 6.04 | 5.32 | 0.45 | 0.16 | 0.10 | 0.98 |
Standing ruminating | 0.86 | 1.06 | 1.01 | 1.21 | 0.13 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.98 |
Total standing | 7.60 | 7.07 | 7.04 | 6.64 | 0.51 | 0.34 | 0.37 | 0.89 |
Total ruminating | 5.07 | 6.28 | 3.92 | 5.51 | 0.36 | 0.01 | <0.01 | 0.59 |
Cross-suckling | 2.83 | 2.38 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.15 | <0.01 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
Vocalizing | 0.31 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.26 | 0.10 | 0.51 |
Playing | 0.08 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.73 | 0.23 |
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Santos, M.; Oliveira, D.M.d.; de Souza, M.R.; Almeida, G.B.d.; Santos, A.R.D.; Belmonte, J.C.C.; Melo-Sterza, F.d.A.; Ferraz, A.L.J.; Vedovatto, M. Impact of Two-Stage Weaning and Bovine-Appeasing Substance on Growth, Temperament, Pasture Behavior, and Immune System of Nellore Calves. Animals 2025, 15, 1640. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111640
Santos M, Oliveira DMd, de Souza MR, Almeida GBd, Santos ARD, Belmonte JCC, Melo-Sterza FdA, Ferraz ALJ, Vedovatto M. Impact of Two-Stage Weaning and Bovine-Appeasing Substance on Growth, Temperament, Pasture Behavior, and Immune System of Nellore Calves. Animals. 2025; 15(11):1640. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111640
Chicago/Turabian StyleSantos, Mariana, Dalton Mendes de Oliveira, Matheus Rodrigues de Souza, Gabrielly Benevides de Almeida, Aylpy Renan Dutra Santos, Juliano Cesar Castro Belmonte, Fabiana de Andrade Melo-Sterza, André Luiz Julien Ferraz, and Marcelo Vedovatto. 2025. "Impact of Two-Stage Weaning and Bovine-Appeasing Substance on Growth, Temperament, Pasture Behavior, and Immune System of Nellore Calves" Animals 15, no. 11: 1640. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111640
APA StyleSantos, M., Oliveira, D. M. d., de Souza, M. R., Almeida, G. B. d., Santos, A. R. D., Belmonte, J. C. C., Melo-Sterza, F. d. A., Ferraz, A. L. J., & Vedovatto, M. (2025). Impact of Two-Stage Weaning and Bovine-Appeasing Substance on Growth, Temperament, Pasture Behavior, and Immune System of Nellore Calves. Animals, 15(11), 1640. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111640