Increased Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate in Dogs: Frequency in Routine Clinical Practice and Association with Hematological Changes
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Caseload and Sample Processing
2.2. Statistical Analysis
- Controls: samples from dogs that were clinically healthy at the time of collection and had no abnormalities in hematologic and biochemical analysis. These samples were collected as part of periodic health screenings, before elective surgeries (e.g., ovariectomy, orchiectomy) or diagnostic investigations (radiographs, ultrasound), or for monitoring patients in complete remission or those considered clinically cured. This group has been included in the study as a “negative” control, since changes in ESR values in this group were not expected.
- Mild chronic disorders: samples from dogs that, at the time of collection, had mild clinical signs or minimal laboratory changes associated with metabolic, degenerative, or chronic inflammatory conditions, mostly localized to a single organ or system. In this group, changes in the ESR were expected to be unlikely, either because some of the conditions included in this group do not have an inflammatory origin, or because the acute phase response associated with inflammation, if present, tends to become mild over time.
- Severe/acute diseases: samples from dogs that at the time of sampling had an acute clinical presentation or severe clinical conditions, likely associated with systemic involvement. This group may be of particular interest, because it included clinical events that may or may not have an inflammatory basis. For example, in some cases the acute clinical presentation may have led to sampling before the full development of inflammation (e.g., trauma or foreign bodies) or may have induced a stress response, with the production of cytokines that mimic an inflammatory pathogenesis. Additionally, in some of the acute diseases included in this group, the Ht is likely low, and this may influence the ESR, since a well-known inverse relationship between Ht and the ESR exists [23,28].
- Tumors: samples from dogs with different types of neoplasia, mainly lymphoproliferative disorders and mast cell tumors, collected either at first presentation or during chemotherapy. These samples, despite being collected from dogs affected by a chronic disorder, have been considered separately because they were particularly numerous and relatively homogeneous, and because it is known that the ESR may be increased in oncologic patients [29].
- Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): samples from dogs that, at the time of collection, showed clinical and laboratory changes consistent with CKD in stage 2 of the International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) classification (http://www.iris-kidney.com, accessed on 1 March 2024) and/or a clinical presentation characterized by systemic symptoms referable to uremia. Dogs in the CKD group had a urine specific gravity (USG) < 1025, a documented history of azotemic CKD for more than 3 months, and no overt signs of uremia such as vomiting, anorexia, weakness, or uremic ulcers [30]. These samples, despite being affected by a chronic disorder, were considered as a separate group because they were relatively homogeneous in terms of pathogenesis and more easily clinically characterized.
- Urinary disorders: samples from dogs with acute symptoms related to inflammatory or obstructive disorders of the urinary tract. These samples, despite the acute presentation and an inflammatory pathogenesis, have been considered separately due to their homogeneous clinical presentation (hematuria, crystalluria or urolithiasis).
- Acute/subacute inflammation: samples from dogs that at the time of sampling had an acute/subacute presentation, with clinical or laboratory signs associated with acute presentations with inflammation, on which an infectious cause was suspected based on the clinical signs (e.g., fever, leukocytosis, and/or purulent exudates) or confirmed through additional testing (e.g., cytological evidence of leishmania, bacteria or fungi). This group was included in the study as a positive control group, since, based on the current information on ESR pathophysiology, an increase in the ESR is expected in samples included in this group [19].
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. ESR Results
3.3. Hematological Parameters and ESR
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | N | Breed | Sex | Age |
---|---|---|---|---|
Controls | 53 | Crossbred (n = 13), Breed unknown (n = 7), Labrador retriever (n = 6), Chihuahua (n = 4), German shepherd (n = 3), Belgian shepherd, Cavalier King Charles spaniel, Bolognese, Poodle (n = 2), American bulldog, Dachshund, Beagle, Entlebucher mountain dog, Drahthaar, Pug, Swiss mountain dog, Jack Russell terrier, Kurzhaar, Abruzzese shepherd, Bergamasco shepherd, German pinscher (n = 1) | 17 F 8 Fs 24 M 2 Mc 2 Unk | 6.3 (0.4–16.6) 6 Unk |
Mild chronic disorders | 53 | Crossbred (n = 9), Chihuahua (n = 6), Yorkshire terrier (n = 5), Breed unknown, German shepherd (n = 4), Golden retriever (n = 3), Poodle, Dachshund, Cavalier King Charles spaniel, English setter, French bouledogue (n = 2), Italian bracco, Chow chow, Corso, Dobermann pinscher, English Staffordshire terrier, Jack Russell terrier, Labrador retriever, Maltese, Pitbull terrier, Toy schnauzer, Shi tzu (n = 1) | 11 F 16 Fs 24 M 1 Mc 1 Unk | 9.3 (0.4–15.3) 4 Unk |
Severe/acute diseases | 52 | Breed unknown (n = 11), Crossbred (n = 9), Golden retriever (n = 5), Dobermann pinscher (n = 4), American Staffordshire, (n = 3), Cavalier King Charles spaniel, Jack Russell terrier, Italian segugio, French bouledogue (n = 2), Australian shepherd, Dobermann pinscher, Dogo argentino, Drahthaar, Labrador retriever, German shepherd, German Pinscher, Pitbull terrier, Pointer, Rottweiler, Shar pei, Shiba inu, Whippet (n = 1) | 11 F 18 Fs 19 M 3 Mc 1 Unk | 8.0 (0.4–16.0) 7 Unk |
Tumors | 92 | Crossbred (n = 14), Rottweiler, English setter (n = 10), Golden retriever (n = 8), German shepherd (n = 6), Boxer (n = 5), Beagle, French bouledogue, West highland white terrier (n = 4), Australian shepherd, Poodle (n = 3), Breed unknown, Bull terrier, Dogue de Bordeaux, German pinscher, Pitbull terrier (n = 2), Dachshund, Bernese mountain dog, Cavalier King Charles spaniel, Jack Russell terrier, Labrador retriever, Afghan sighthound, Abruzzese shepherd, Bergamasco shepherd, Tosa inu, Welsh Corgi Pembroke, Yorkshire terrier (n = 1) | 22 F 25 Fs 30 M 14 Mc 1 Unk | 9.4 (1.9–14.5) 8 Unk |
CKD | 15 | Crossbred (n = 4); Boxer (n = 3), Shi-tzu (n = 2), Italian bracco, English bulldog, Cocker, Dogue de Bordeaux, Shiba inu, Pomeranian (n = 1) | 4 Fs 9 M 2 Mc | 8.1 (1.8–16.6) 0 Unk |
Urinary disorders | 10 | Crossbred (n = 2), Dachshund, Bolognese, Bull terrier, Epagneul breton, Fox terrier, Golden retriever, German pinscher, Yorkshire terrier (n = 1) | 2 F 3 Fs 3 M 2 Mc | 12.8 (5.1–18.6) 2 Unk |
Acute/subacute inflammation | 20 | Crossbred (n = 5), Unknown breed (n = 3), Rottweiler (n = 2), Poodle, Basset-hound, Cocker spaniel, Setter gordon, Labrador retriever, Belgian shepherd, German shepherd, Pekingese, Italian segugio, English setter (n = 1) | 10 F 2 Fs 7 M 1 Mc | 6.1 (0.9–14.2) 2 Unk |
Group | Median (I–III IQR) | >URL | >URL + ERR |
---|---|---|---|
1—Controls | 7.0 (2.7–10.0) 4,5,7 (p < 0.001); 3 (p = 0.016) | 0/53 (0.0%) | 0/53 (0.0%) |
2—Mild chronic disorders | 10.0 (5.4–11.0) 5,7 (p = 0.003); 4 (p = 0.039) | 4/50 (8.0%) | 7/53 (13.2%) |
3—Severe/acute diseases | 11.0 (5.2–26.8) 1 (p = 0.016) | 13/47 (27.7%) | 20/52 (38.5%) |
4—Tumors | 12.0 (10.0–23.7) 1 (p < 0.001), 2 (p = 0.039) | 32/89 (40.0%) | 35/92 (38.0%) |
5—Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) | 15.0 (10.6–45.7) 1 (p < 0.001); 2 (p = 0.003) | 8/15 (53.3%) | 8/15 (53.3%) |
6—Urinary tract disorders | 11.0 (9.4–14.9) | 2/10 (20.0%) | 2/10 (20.0%) |
7—Acute/subacute inflammation | 24.0 (9.0–38.0) 1 (p < 0.001); 2 (p = 0.003) | 11/19 (57.8%) | 12/20 (60.0%) |
Group | Ht (%) | WBC × 103/μL | Neutrophils × 103/μL |
---|---|---|---|
1—Controls | 45.0 (41.3–49.9) 3 (p = 0.018); 4 (p < 0.001); 5 (p = 0.042); 7 (p = 0.024) | 9.8 (8.1–13.3) 3 (p = 0.018) | 5.9 (4.7–8.2) 3 (p < 0.001) |
2—Mild chronic disorders | 44.9 (37.7–50.6) 4 (p = 0.017) | 10.5 (8.2–13.8) | 7.3 (5.3–10.4) |
3—Severe/acute diseases | 43.4 (32.4–47.0) 1 (p = 0.018) | 14.8 (10.3–21.6) 1 (p = 0.018); 4 (p < 0.001) | 11.5 (7.2–17.5) 1 (p < 0.001); 4 (p < 0.001) |
4—Tumors | 39.6 (33.2–44.0) 1 (p < 0.001); 2 (p = 0.017) | 8.6 (5.8–12.5) 3 (p < 0.001) | 6.3 (3.5–9.2) 3 (p < 0.001) |
5—Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) | 36.4 (35.4–41.7) 1 (p = 0.042) | 9.6 (8.6–12.9) | 6.2 (4.9–9.9) |
6—Urinary tract disorders | 45.6 (43.1–47.4) | 10.4 (7.5–14.9) | 6.4 (4.6–11.6) |
7—Acute/subacute inflammation | 37.5 (34.7–43.7) 1 (p = 0.024) | 13.0 (10.5–17.0) | 9.5 (7.2–15.2) |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
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Paltrinieri, S.; Ferrari, R.; Scavone, D.; Pieroni, C.; Diamanti, D.; Tagliasacchi, F. Increased Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate in Dogs: Frequency in Routine Clinical Practice and Association with Hematological Changes. Animals 2024, 14, 1409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14101409
Paltrinieri S, Ferrari R, Scavone D, Pieroni C, Diamanti D, Tagliasacchi F. Increased Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate in Dogs: Frequency in Routine Clinical Practice and Association with Hematological Changes. Animals. 2024; 14(10):1409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14101409
Chicago/Turabian StylePaltrinieri, Saverio, Roberta Ferrari, Donatella Scavone, Carolina Pieroni, Daniela Diamanti, and Filippo Tagliasacchi. 2024. "Increased Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate in Dogs: Frequency in Routine Clinical Practice and Association with Hematological Changes" Animals 14, no. 10: 1409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14101409
APA StylePaltrinieri, S., Ferrari, R., Scavone, D., Pieroni, C., Diamanti, D., & Tagliasacchi, F. (2024). Increased Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate in Dogs: Frequency in Routine Clinical Practice and Association with Hematological Changes. Animals, 14(10), 1409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14101409