Morphogeometric Evaluation of the Left Ventricle and Left Atrioventricular Ring in Dogs: A Computerized Anatomical Study
by
, , , , ,
Catarina Borges Cardoso
1
,
Cláudia Valéria Seullner Brandão
2,*,
Paulo Sérgio Juliani
3,
André Luis Filadelpho
4,
Geovane José Pereira
1,
Maria Lúcia Gomes Lourenço
5,
Alessandre Hataka
5 and
Carlos Roberto Padovani
6 1
School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences–UNESP–Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-681, SP, Brazil
2
Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal–UNESP–Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-681, SP, Brazil
3
Cardiovascular Surgery Service, WeVets Veterinary Hospital, São Paulo 02511-000, SP, Brazil
4
Institute of Biosciences, Department of Anatomy–UNESP–Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-681, SP, Brazil
5
Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences–UNESP–Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-681, SP, Brazil
6
Institute of Biosciences, Department of Biostatistics–UNESP–Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-681, SP, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Animals 2023, 13(12), 1996; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13121996
Submission received: 14 May 2023
/
Revised: 8 June 2023
/
Accepted: 13 June 2023
/
Published: 15 June 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)
Simple Summary
Veterinary cardiology recognizes the fundamental role of cardiac remodeling in the unfavorable progression of heart diseases, and this has been an object of study for therapies aimed at restoring the cardiac framework to its natural state. Therefore, this anatomical study proposes to obtain morphogeometric data of the left ventricle and left atrioventricular ring of normal dogs in order to describe reference values for the cardiac morphogeometric analysis in dogs.
Abstract
In veterinary, there is scarce availability of morphogeometric studies in normal and remodeled hearts; furthermore, ventricular geometry acts as an indicator of cardiac function. It is a highly necessary field of knowledge for the development of therapeutic protocols, especially surgical ones. The objectives of this study were: to obtain measurements of the left atrioventricular valve ring and left ventricle, to analyze the proportionality between the segments of the left cardiac chamber of normal hearts and to describe reference values for morphogeometric analysis of the left ventricle. For this, 50 hearts from small (Group 1—G1) and medium to large (Group 2—G2) dogs were laminated in the apical, basal and equatorial segments, and submitted to computer analysis to identify the perimeter of each segment and the left atrioventricular ring, wall thickness and distance from the atrioventricular sulcus to the apex. The largest internal perimeter was that of the equatorial. The basal segment had the highest mean for ventral parietal wall thickness, suggesting greater contractile reserve at that location. Considering the proportionality relationships, there was no statistical difference between the intersegmental perimeter indices for the two groups. This suggests that despite the animals’ weight variations, the proportions between the left ventricular segments are maintained. Therefore, it is concluded that the data can be used as a standard of comparison for cardiac geometric assessments, as well as a basis for the development of therapeutic measures in the context of adverse cardiac remodeling.
Keywords:
ventricular geometry; anatomy; cardiac surgery; cardiac remodeling; myocardium
