An Updated Review of Hypotheses Regarding Bat Attraction to Wind Turbines
by
, and
Emma E. Guest
1, 
Brittany F. Stamps
1,
Nevin D. Durish
2,
Amanda M. Hale
3,
Cris D. Hein
4,
Brogan P. Morton
5,
Sara P. Weaver
6 and
Sarah R. Fritts
1,* 1
Department of Biology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
2
ESE Partners, LLC, 5910 Courtyard Drive Suite 170, Austin, TX 78731, USA
3
Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
4
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Arvada, CO 80007, USA
5
Wildlife Imaging Systems, 328 Mechanicsville Road, Hinesburg, VT 05461, USA
6
Bowman, 133 West San Antonio Street #500, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Animals 2022, 12(3), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12030343
Submission received: 17 November 2021
/
Revised: 21 January 2022
/
Accepted: 27 January 2022
/
Published: 31 January 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bat Biology in Relation to Wind Energy Development)
Simple Summary
The rapid development of wind energy facilities has increased bat mortality due to wind turbine blade strikes. Patterns of bat activity and mortality at wind energy facilities suggest that bats are attracted to wind turbines. It has been more than a decade since a comprehensive review of the various attraction hypotheses was published, highlighting the need to revisit and assess progress in the testing of these ideas. In this review, we discuss the most prominent attraction hypotheses, summarize the current state of knowledge, and briefly outline remaining questions. Identifying the causes of bat interactions with wind turbines is critical to developing effective impact minimization strategies.
Abstract
Patterns of bat activity and mortalities at wind energy facilities suggest that bats are attracted to wind turbines based on bat behavioral responses to wind turbines. For example, current monitoring efforts suggest that bat activity increases post-wind turbine construction, with bats making multiple passes near wind turbines. We separated the attraction hypothesis into five previously proposed explanations of bat interactions at or near wind turbines, including attraction based on noise, roost sites, foraging and water, mating behavior, and lights, and one new hypothesis regarding olfaction, and provide a state of the knowledge in 2022. Our review indicates that future research should prioritize attraction based on social behaviors, such as mating and scent-marking, as this aspect of the attraction hypothesis has many postulates and remains the most unclear. Relatively more data regarding attraction to wind turbines based on lighting and noise emission exist, and these data indicate that these are unlikely attractants. Analyzing attraction at the species-level should be prioritized because of differences in foraging, flight, and social behavior among bat species. Lastly, research assessing bat attraction at various scales, such as the turbine or facility scale, is lacking, which could provide important insights for both wind turbine siting decisions and bat mortality minimization strategies. Identifying the causes of bat interactions with wind turbines is critical for developing effective impact minimization strategies.
Keywords:
attraction; bats; mortality; turbines; wind energy
