Ruminal Fiber Degradation Kinetics within and among Warm-Season Annual Grasses as Affected by the Brown Midrib Mutation
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Seed Materials and Locations
2.2. Sample Collection and Analyses
2.3. Ruminal In Situ NDF Degradability
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Plant and Tissue Composition
3.2. Fiber Degradation Kinetics
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
- Refat, B.; Yang, W.; Christensen, D.A.; Mckinnon, J.J.; Beattie, A.D.; Mcallister, T.A.; Yu, P. Comparison of barley silages with varying digestible fiber content to corn silage on rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial protein synthesis using rumen simulation technique. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 2017, 97, 622–632. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brown, M.E.; Funk, C.C. Food security under climate change. Science 2008, 319, 580–581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hasan, S.A.; Rabei, S.H.; Nada, R.M.; Abogadallah, G.M. Water use efficiency in the drought-stressed sorghum and maize in relation to expression of aquaporin genes. Biol. Plant. 2017, 61, 127–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roby, M.C.; Fernandez, M.G.S.; Heaton, E.A.; Miguez, F.E.; VanLoocke, A. Biomass sorghum and maize have similar water-use-efficiency under non-drought conditions in the rain-fed Midwest U.S. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2017, 247, 434–444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oliver, A.L.; Grant, R.J.; Pedersen, J.F.; O’Rear, J. Comparison of brown midrib-6 and -18 forage sorghum with conventional sorghum and corn silage in diets of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2004, 87, 637–644. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oba, M.; Allen, M.S. Effects of brown midrib 3 mutation in corn silage on productivity of dairy cows fed two concentrations of dietary neutral detergent fiber: 1. Feeding Behavior and Nutrient Utilization. J. Dairy Sci. 2000, 83, 1350–1358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mustafa, A.F.; Hassanat, F.; Seguin, P. Chemical composition and in situ ruminal nutrient degradability of normal and brown midrib forage pearl millet grown in southwestern Québec. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 2004, 84, 737–740. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, Y.; Ferreira, G.; Corl, B.A.; Campbell, B.T. Production performance, nutrient digestibility, and milk fatty acid profile of lactating dairy cows fed corn silage- or sorghum silage-based diets with and without xylanase supplementation. J. Dairy Sci. 2019, 102, 2266–2274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bernard, J.K.; Tao, S. Short communication: Production response of lactating dairy cows to brachytic forage sorghum silage compared with corn silage from first or second harvest. J. Dairy Sci. 2015, 98, 8994–9000. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grant, R.J.; Haddad, S.G.; Moore, K.J.; Pedersen, J.F. Brown midrib sorghum silage for midlactation dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 1995, 78, 1970–1980. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cattani, M.; Guzzo, N.; Mantovani, R.; Bailoni, L. Effects of total replacement of corn silage with sorghum silage on milk yield, composition, and quality. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 2017, 8, 15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Harper, M.T.; Melgar, A.; Oh, J.; Nedelkov, K.; Sanchez, G.; Roth, G.W.; Hristov, A.N. Inclusion of brown midrib dwarf pearl millet silage in the diet of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2018, 101, 5006–5019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bal, M.A.; Coors, J.G.; Shaver, R.D. Impact of the maturity of corn for use as silage in the diets of dairy cows on intake, digestion, and milk production. J. Dairy Sci. 1997, 80, 2497–2503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- AOAC International. Official Methods of Analysis, 21st ed.; AOAC International: Rockville, MD, USA, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Ferreira, G.; Mertens, D.R. Measuring detergent fibre and insoluble protein in corn silage using crucibles or filter bags. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2007, 133, 335–340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ohlsson, C.; Houmøller, L.P.; Weisbjerg, M.R.; Lund, P.; Hvelplund, T. Effective rumen degradation of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fibre in forage determined by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 2007, 91, 498–507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, L.W.; Goering, H.K.; Waldo, D.R.; Gordon, C.H. In Vitro Digestion Rate of Forage Cell Wall Components. J. Dairy Sci. 1971, 54, 71–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kammes, K.L.; Allen, M.S. Nutrient demand interacts with grass particle length to affect digestion responses and chewing activity in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2012, 95, 807–823. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sattler, S.E.; Funnell-Harris, D.L.; Pedersen, J.F. Brown midrib mutations and their importance to the utilization of maize, sorghum, and pearl millet lignocellulosic tissues. Plant Sci. 2010, 178, 229–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tine, M.A.; Mcleod, K.R.; Erdman, R.A.; Baldwin, R.L. Effects of brown midrib corn silage on the energy balance of dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 2001, 84, 885–895. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Coons, E.M.; Fredin, S.M.; Cotanch, K.W.; Dann, H.M.; Ballard, C.S.; Brouillette, J.P.; Grant, R.J. Influence of a novel bm3 corn silage hybrid with floury kernel genetics on lactational performance and feed efficiency of Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2019, 102, 9814–9826. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holt, M.S.; Eun, J.-S.; Thacker, C.R.; Young, A.J.; Dai, X.; Nestor, K.E., Jr. Effects of feeding brown midrib corn silage with a high dietary concentration of alfalfa hay on lactational performance of Holstein dairy cows for the first 180 days of lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 2013, 96, 515–523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ferraretto, L.F.; Fonseca, A.C.; Sniffen, C.J.; Formigoni, A.; Shaver, R.D. Effect of corn silage hybrids differing in starch and neutral detergent fiber digestibility on lactation performance and total-tract nutrient digestibility by dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2015, 98, 395–405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Oba, M.; Allen, M.S. Effects of brown midrib 3 mutation in corn silage on dry matter intake and productivity of high yielding dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 1999, 82, 135–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ebling, T.L.; Kung, L., Jr. A comparison of processed conventional corn silage to unprocessed and processed brown midrib corn silage on intake, digestion, and milk production by dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2004, 87, 2519–2527. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weiss, W.P.; Wyatt, D.J. Effect of corn silage hybrid and metabolizable protein supply on nitrogen metabolism of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2006, 89, 1644–1653. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kung, L., Jr.; Moulder, B.M.; Mulrooney, C.M.; Teller, R.S.; Schmidt, R.J. The effect of silage cutting height on the nutritive value of a normal corn silage hybrid compared with brown midrib corn silage fed to lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2008, 91, 1451–1457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barlow, J.S.; Bernard, J.K.; Mullis, N.A. Production response to corn silage produced from normal, brown midrib, or waxy corn hybrids. J. Dairy Sci. 2012, 95, 4550–4555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lim, J.M.; Nestor, K.E., Jr.; Kung, L., Jr. The effect of hybrid type and dietary proportions of corn silage on the lactation performance of high-producing dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2015, 98, 1195–1203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Buxton, D.R.; Fales, S.L. Plant environment and quality. In Forage Quality, Evaluation, and Utilization; Fahey, G.C., Jr., Ed.; ASA, CSSA, SSSA: Madison, WI, USA, 1994; pp. 564–612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferreira, G.; Brown, A.N. Environmental factors affecting corn quality for silage production. In Advances in Silage Production and Utilization; Da Silva, T., Santos, E.M., Eds.; IntechOpen: London, UK, 2016; pp. 39–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Van Soest, P.J. Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant, 2nd ed.; Cornell University Press: Ithaca, NY, USA, 1994. [Google Scholar]
- Ferreira, G.; Teets, C.L.; Huffard, J.B.; Aguerre, M.J. Effects of planting population, genotype, and nitrogen fertilization on dry matter yield, nutrient composition, in vitro ruminal neutral detergent fiber disappearance, and nitrogen and phosphorus removal of corn for silage. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2020, 268, 114615. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Degenhart, N.R.; Werner, B.K.; Burton, G.W. Forage Yield and Quality of a Brown Midrib Mutant in Pearl Millet. Crop Sci. 1995, 35, 986–988. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, S.; Prasad, S.V.S.; Katiyar, D.S. Genetic Variability in the Fodder Yield, Chemical Composition and Disappearance of Nutrients in Brown Midrib and White Midrib Sorghum Genotypes. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 2002, 16, 1303–1308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wahyono, T.; Indiratama, W.M.; Sihono; Human, S. White Midrib (WMR) vs Brown Midrib (BMR) sorghum: Perspective of nutrient value for ruminant forage. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2021, 788, 012164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oksey, M.A. Yield and Nutritional Composition of Conventional and BMR Pearl Millet Under Different Management Conditions. Ph.D. Thesis, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA, 2020. Available online: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/3370 (accessed on 21 September 2022).
Corn | Sorghum | Pearl Millet | p < | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CONV | BMR | CONV | BMR | CONV | BMR | SEM | F | G | F × G | |
Whole Plant | ||||||||||
CP, % DM | 6.0 | 6.2 | 6.9 | 7.7 | 8.6 | 8.9 | 0.27 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.57 |
NDF, % DM | 42.9 | 41.6 | 48.8 | 49.2 | 50.4 | 50.4 | 0.84 | 0.01 | 0.89 | 0.47 |
ADF, % DM | 24.1 | 22.6 | 30.1 | 30.4 | 29.8 | 28.5 | 0.45 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.10 |
ADL, % DM | 2.2 d | 1.5 e | 4.3 a | 3.9 b | 3.7 b | 2.6 c | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
ADL, % NDF | 5.0 c | 3.6 d | 8.7 a | 7.8 b | 7.3 b | 5.2 c | 0.21 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
Leaf Blades | ||||||||||
CP, % DM | 12.0 | 11.2 | 13.3 | 14.1 | 12.0 | 12.4 | 0.48 | 0.01 | 0.91 | 0.28 |
NDF, % DM | 59.1 | 59.3 | 60.3 | 59.3 | 55.1 | 56.5 | 0.71 | 0.01 | 0.75 | 0.29 |
ADF, % DM | 34.6 | 33.8 | 34.3 | 33.2 | 31.8 | 31.2 | 0.61 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.93 |
ADL, % DM | 4.9 a | 3.9 b | 4.3 b | 4.0 b | 4.3 b | 2.9 c | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
ADL, % NDF | 8.3 a | 6.6 d | 7.1 bc | 6.8 cd | 7.9 ab | 5.1 e | 0.34 | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
Stem Internodes | ||||||||||
CP, % DM | 1.7 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 2.7 | 2.2 | 3.0 | 0.24 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.25 |
NDF, % DM | 59.2 a | 47.5 d | 54.5 bc | 53.8 c | 58.8 ab | 50.5 cd | 1.55 | 0.32 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
ADF, % DM | 40.7 a | 30.8 d | 37.3 b | 36.7 b | 38.8 ab | 32.7 d | 1.16 | 0.37 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
ADL, % DM | 4.8 a | 2.2 c | 4.8 a | 4.1 b | 5.1 a | 2.4 c | 0.25 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
ADL, % NDF | 8.0 a b | 4.4 c | 8.6 a | 7.1 b | 8.7 a | 4.9 c | 0.34 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Corn | Sorghum | Pearl Millet | p < | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CONV | BMR | CONV | BMR | CONV | BMR | SEM | F | G | F × G | |
Whole Plant | ||||||||||
uNDF, % NDF | 25.1 | 18.2 | 36.3 | 31.3 | 34.4 | 24.1 | 1.3 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.13 |
pdNDF, % NDF | 74.9 | 81.8 | 63.7 | 68.7 | 65.6 | 75.9 | 1.3 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.13 |
kd, %/h | 2.5 | 3.0 | 2.4 | 3.6 | 2.3 | 2.7 | 0.3 | 0.37 | 0.01 | 0.33 |
ERD, % NDF | 28.5 | 34.4 | 23.6 | 30.3 | 23.9 | 30.2 | 1.4 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.96 |
Leaf Blades | ||||||||||
uNDF, % NDF | 21.4 ab | 14.5 c | 23.3 a | 20.2 b | 16.8 c | 15.2 c | 0.9 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
pdNDF, % NDF | 78.6 bc | 85.5 a | 76.7 c | 79.8 b | 83.2 a | 84.8 a | 0.9 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
kd, %/h | 2.7 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 0.2 | 0.86 | 0.08 | 0.96 |
ERD, % NDF | 31.2 | 35.1 | 30.1 | 33.2 | 32.3 | 34.2 | 1.4 | 0.28 | 0.02 | 0.80 |
Stem Internodes | ||||||||||
uNDF, % NDF | 43.0 abc | 34.1 d | 40.6 bc | 41.8 abc | 47.5 a | 37.9 cd | 2.2 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
pdNDF, % NDF | 57.0 bcd | 65.9 a | 59.4 bc | 58.2 bcd | 52.5 d | 62.1 ab | 2.2 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
kd, %/h | 2.2 | 2.7 | 1.9 | 2.7 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 0.3 | 0.57 | 0.04 | 0.78 |
ERD, % NDF | 19.7 | 26.1 | 17.8 | 21.2 | 16.3 | 22.3 | 1.6 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.51 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Ferreira, G.; Galyon, H.; Silva-Reis, A.I.; Pereyra, A.A.; Richardson, E.S.; Teets, C.L.; Blevins, P.; Cockrum, R.R.; Aguerre, M.J. Ruminal Fiber Degradation Kinetics within and among Warm-Season Annual Grasses as Affected by the Brown Midrib Mutation. Animals 2022, 12, 2536. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12192536
Ferreira G, Galyon H, Silva-Reis AI, Pereyra AA, Richardson ES, Teets CL, Blevins P, Cockrum RR, Aguerre MJ. Ruminal Fiber Degradation Kinetics within and among Warm-Season Annual Grasses as Affected by the Brown Midrib Mutation. Animals. 2022; 12(19):2536. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12192536
Chicago/Turabian StyleFerreira, Gonzalo, Hailey Galyon, Ayelen I. Silva-Reis, Agustin A. Pereyra, Emily S. Richardson, Christy L. Teets, Phil Blevins, Rebecca R. Cockrum, and Matías J. Aguerre. 2022. "Ruminal Fiber Degradation Kinetics within and among Warm-Season Annual Grasses as Affected by the Brown Midrib Mutation" Animals 12, no. 19: 2536. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12192536