Effect of the Administration of a Nutraceutical Supplement in Racehorses with Lower Airway Inflammation
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Selection
2.2. Airway Endoscopy and Attribution of Endoscopic Scores
2.3. BALf Collection and Cytological Examination
2.4. Treatment
- The Treatment group, composed of 7 horses. Horses in this group underwent changes in the management aimed to reduce respirable dust, i.e., bedding with wood shaving and feeding wet hay [25]. Moreover, they were administered with the supplement (BURAN Candioli, Acel Pharma s.r.l., Beinasco, Italy) at the dosage recommended by the company (35 gr/daily, orally) for 21 days. The composition of the supplement is displayed in Table 1.
- The Control group, composed of 5 horses, that underwent the same environmental changes of the Treatment group, but did not receive the nutritional supplement.
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Horses
3.2. Clinical Score
3.3. Endoscopic Score
3.4. Cytological Examination of the BALf
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Couëtil, L.L.; Denicola, D.B. Blood gas, plasma lactate and bronchoalveolar lavage cytology analyses in racehorses with respiratory disease. Equine Vet. J. 1999, 30, 77–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Couetil, L.L.; Cardwell, J.M.; Gerber, V.; Lavoie, J.P.; Leguillette, R.; Richard, E.A. Inflammatory airway disease of horses-revised consensus statement. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2016, 30, 503–515. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stucchi, L.; Alberti, E.; Stancari, G.; Conturba, B.; Zucca, E.; Ferrucci, F. The relationship between lung inflammation and aerobic threshold in standardbred racehorses with mild-moderate equine asthma. Animals 2020, 10, 1278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Christley, R.M.; Hodgson, D.R.; Rose, R.J.; Hodgson, J.L.; Wood, J.L.N.; Reid, S.W.J. Coughing in thoroughbred racehorses: Riskfactors and tracheal endoscopic and cytological findings. Vet. Rec. 2001, 148, 99–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Christley, R.M.; Hodgson, D.R.; Rose, R.J.; Wood, J.L.N.; Reid, S.W.J.; Whitear, K.G.; Hodgson, J.L. A case-control study of respiratory disease in Thoroughbred racehorses in Sydney, Australia. Equine Vet. J. 2001, 33, 256–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Couetil, L.; Cardwell, J.M.; Leguillette, R.; Mazan, M.; Richard, E.; Bienzle, D.; Bullone, M.; Gerber, V.; Ivester, K.; Lavoie, J.P.; et al. Equine Asthma: Current Understanding and Future Directions. Front. Vet. Sci 2020, 30, 450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kinnison, T.; McGilvray, T.A.; Couetil, L.L.; Smith, K.C.; Wylie, C.E.; Bacigalupo, S.A.; Gomez-Grau, E.; Cardwell, J.M. Mild-moderate equine asthma: A scoping review of evidence supporting the consensus definition. Vet. J. 2022, 286, 105865. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lange-Consiglio, A.; Stucchi, L.; Zucca, E.; Lavoie, J.P.; Cremonesi, F.; Ferrucci, F. Insights into animal models for cell-based therapies in translational studies of lung diseases: Is the horse with naturally occurring asthma the right choice? Cytotherapy 2019, 21, 525–534. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leclere, M.; Lavoie-Lamoureux, A.; Joubert, P.; Relave, F.; Lanctot Setlakwe, E.; Beauchamp, G.; Couture, C.; Martin, J.G.; Lavoie, J.P. Corticosteroids and Antigen Avoidance Decrease Airway Smooth Muscle Mass in an Equine Asthma Model. Am. J. Respir Cell Mol. Biol 2012, 47, 589–596. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Calzetta, L.; Roncada, P.; di Cave, D.; Bonizzi, L.; Urbani, A.; Pistocchini, E.; Rogliani, P.; Matera, M.G. Pharmacological treatments in asthma-affected horses: A pair-wise and network meta-analysis. Equine Vet. J. 2017, 49, 710–717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mönki, J.; Saastamoinen, M.; Karikoski, N.; Rajamäki, M.; Raekallio, M.; Junnila, J.; Särkijärvi, S.; Norring, M.; Valros, A.; Oranen Ben Fatma, S.; et al. Effects of Bedding Material on Equine Lower Airway Inflammation: A Crossover Study Comparing Peat and Wood Shavings. Front. Vet. Sci. 2021, 8, 656814. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- European Horseracing Scientific Liaison Committe website. Available online: https://www.ehslc.com/ (accessed on 4 August 2022).
- Art, T.; Kirschvink, N.; Smith, N.; Lekeux, P. Indices of oxidative stress in blood and pulmonary epithelium lining fluid in horses suffering from recurrent airway obstruction. Equine Vet. J. 1999, 31, 397–401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Deaton, C.M. The role of oxidative stress in an equine model of human asthma. Redox Rep. 2006, 11, 46–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bullone, M.; Lavoie, J.P. The Contribution of Oxidative Stress and Inflamm-Aging in Human and Equine Asthma. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 2612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Braga, P.C.; Dal Sasso, M.; Lattuada, N.; Greco, V.; Sibilia, V.; Zucca, E.; Stucchi, L.; Ferro, E.; Ferrucci, F. Antioxidant activity of hyaluronic acid investigated by means of chemiluminescence of equine neutrophil bursts and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 2013, 38, 48–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pourali Dogaheh, S.; Boivin, R.; Lavoie, J.P. Studies of molecular pathways associated with blood neutrophil corticosteroid insensitivity in equine asthma. Vet. Immunol. Immunopat. 2021, 237, 110265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nogradi, N.; Couetil, L.L.; Messick, J.; Stochelski, M.A.; Burgess, J.A. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation provides an additional benefit to a low-dust diet in the management of horses with chronic lower airway inflammatory disease. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2015, 29, 299–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ferrucci, F.; Stucchi, L.; Salvadori, M.; Stancari, G.; Conturba, B.; Bronzo, V.; Ferro, E.; Zucca, E. Effetti dell’amikacina per via inalatoria in cavalli sportivi affetti da sindrome da calo di rendimento e confronto con la somministrazione endovenosa. Ippologia 2013, 24, 1–7. [Google Scholar]
- Burrell, M.H. Endoscopic and virological observations on respiratory disease in a group of young Thoroughbred horses in training. Equine Vet. J. 1985, 17, 99–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gerber, V.; Straub, R.; Marti, E.; Hauptman, J.; Herholz, C.; King, M.; Imhof, A.; Tahon, L.; Robinson, N.E. Endoscopic scoring of mucus quantity and quality: Observer and horse variance and relationship to inflammation, mucus viscoelasticity and volume. Equine Vet. J. 2004, 36, 576–582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lo Feudo, C.M.; Stucchi, L.; Alberti, E.; Stancari, G.; Conturba, B.; Zucca, E.; Ferrucci, F. The role of thoracic ultrasonography and airway endoscopy in the diagnosis of equine asthma and exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. Vet. Sci. 2021, 8, 276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lo Feudo, C.M.; Stucchi, L.; Stancari, G.; Alberti, E.; Conturba, B.; Zucca, E.; Ferrucci, F. Associations between Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage (EIPH) and Fitness Parameters Measured by Incremental Treadmill Test in Standardbred Racehorses. Animals 2022, 12, 449. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Couetil, L.L. Inflammatory diseases of the lower airway of athletic horses. In Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery, 2nd ed.; Hinchcliff, K.W., Kaneps, A.J., Geor, R.J., Eds.; Elsevier Saunders: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2014; pp. 605–632. [Google Scholar]
- Leclere, M.; Lavoie-Lamoureux, A.; Gelinas-Lymburner, E.; David, F.; Martin, J.G.; Lavoie, J.P. Effect of Antigenic Exposure on Airway Smooth Muscle Remodeling in an Equine Model of Chronic Asthma. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 2011, 45, 181–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Widmer, A.; Doherr, M.G.; Tessier, C.; Koch, C.; Ramseyer, A.; Straub, R.; Gerber, V. Association of increased tracheal mucus accumulation with poor willingness to perform in show-jumpers and dressage horses. Vet. J. 2009, 182, 430–435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shina, N.-R.; Kwonb, H.J.; Koa, J.W.; Kimc, J.S.; Leeb, I.C.; Kima, J.C.; Kimd, S.H.; Shina, I.S. S-Allyl cysteine reduces eosinophilic airway inflammation and mucus overproduction on ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma model. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2019, 68, 124–130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saastamoinen, M.; Särkijärvi, S.; Hyyppä, S. Garlic (Allium Sativum) Supplementation Improves Respiratory Health but Has Increased Risk of Lower Hematologic Values in Horses. Animals 2019, 9, 13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marinelli, O.; Iannarelli, R.; Morelli, M.B.; Valisi, M.; Nicotra, G.; Amantini, C.; Cardinali, C.; Santoni, G.; Maggi, F.; Nabissi, M. Evaluations of thyme extract effects in human normal bronchial and tracheal epithelial cell lines and in human lung cancer cell line. Chem. -Biol. Interac. 2016, 256, 125–133. [Google Scholar]
- Sierocinski, E.; Holzinger, F.; Chenot, J.F. Ivy leaf (Hedera helix) for acute upper respiratory tract infections: An updated systematic review. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2021, 77, 1113–1122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kruttschnitt, E.; Wegener, T.; Zahner, C.; Henzen-Bucking, S. Assessment of the Efficacy and Safety of Ivy Leaf (Hedera helix) Cough Syrup Compared with Acetylcysteine in Adults and Children with Acute Bronchitis. Evid. -Based Complementary Altern. Med. 2020, 2020, 1910656. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, X.; Huang, M.; Duan, X.; Liu, H.; Zhang, W.; Li, D. Compound Glycyrrhiza Oral Solution alleviates oxidative stress and inflammation by regulating SRC/MAPK pathway in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 2022, 11, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, X.; Nasab, E.M.; Athari, S.M.; Athari, S.S. Anti-inflammatory effect of herbal traditional medicine extract on molecular regulation in allergic asthma. Allergol. Sel. 2021, 5, 148–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jensen, G.S.; Attridge, V.L.; Beaman, J.L.; Guthrie, J.; Ehmann, A.; Benson, K.F. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of an Aqueous Cyanophyta Extract Derived from Arthrospira Platensis: Contribution to Bioactivities by the Non-Phycocyanin Aqueous Fraction. J. Med. Food 2015, 18, 535–541. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Tajvidi, E.; Nahavandizadeh, N.; Pournaderi, M.; Pourrashid, A.Z.; Bossaghzadeh, F.; Khoshnood, Z. Study the antioxidant effects of blue-green algae Spirulina extract on ROS and MDA production in human lung cancer cells. Biochem. Biophys. Rep. 2021, 28, 101139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holcombe, S.J.; Jackson, C.; Gerber, V.; Jefcoat, A.; Berney, C.; Eberhardt, S.; Robinson, N.E. Stabling is associated with airway inflammation in young Arabian horses. Equine Vet. J. 2001, 33, 244–249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Koblinger, K.; Nicol, J.; McDonald, K.; Wasko, A.; Logie, N.; Weiss, M.; Leguillette, R. Endoscopic Assessment of Airway Inflammation in Horses. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2011, 25, 1118–1126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bullone, M.; Vargas, A.; Elce, Y.; Martin, J.G.; Lavoie, J.P. Fluticasone/salmeterol reduces remodelling and neutrophilic inflammation in severe equine asthma. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 8843. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Additives per kg | |
---|---|
Allium sativum | 37.500 mg |
Glycyrrhiza glabra | 27.500 mg |
Thymus vulgaris | 18.000 mg |
Hedera helix | 7.500 mg |
Vitamin C | 50.000 mg |
Vitamin E | 30.000 mg |
T0 | T1 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TREATMENT | Cough | Nasal | Respiratory | Lung | Cough | Nasal | Respiratory | Lung |
Discharge | Rate | Sound | Discharge | Rate | Sound | |||
Horse 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Horse 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Horse 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Horse 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Horse 5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
Horse 6 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
Horse 7 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
CONTROL | ||||||||
Horse 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Horse 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Horse 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Horse 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Horse 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Stucchi, L.; Lo Feudo, C.M.; Stancari, G.; Conturba, B.; Ferrucci, F. Effect of the Administration of a Nutraceutical Supplement in Racehorses with Lower Airway Inflammation. Animals 2022, 12, 2479. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12182479
Stucchi L, Lo Feudo CM, Stancari G, Conturba B, Ferrucci F. Effect of the Administration of a Nutraceutical Supplement in Racehorses with Lower Airway Inflammation. Animals. 2022; 12(18):2479. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12182479
Chicago/Turabian StyleStucchi, Luca, Chiara Maria Lo Feudo, Giovanni Stancari, Bianca Conturba, and Francesco Ferrucci. 2022. "Effect of the Administration of a Nutraceutical Supplement in Racehorses with Lower Airway Inflammation" Animals 12, no. 18: 2479. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12182479
APA StyleStucchi, L., Lo Feudo, C. M., Stancari, G., Conturba, B., & Ferrucci, F. (2022). Effect of the Administration of a Nutraceutical Supplement in Racehorses with Lower Airway Inflammation. Animals, 12(18), 2479. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12182479