Influence of Spinal Shock on the Neurorehabilitation of ANNPE Dogs
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Procedures
2.2.1. Electrical Stimulation
2.2.2. Class IV Laser Therapy
2.2.3. Kinesiotherapy Protocol
- Locomotor training
- Kinesiotherapy exercises
2.2.4. Supportive Care
2.3. Outcomes and Follow-Ups
2.4. Data Collection
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SG (n = 14) | CG (n = 19) | Total (n = 33) | |
---|---|---|---|
Breed | Breed: 64.3% (9/14) | Breed: 89.5% (17/19) | Breed: 78.8% (26/33) |
Mixed Breed: 35.7% (5/14) | Mixed Breed: 10.5% (2/19) | Mixed Breed: 21.2% (7/33) | |
Sex | Male: 50% (7/14) | Male: 57.9% (11/19) | Male: 54.5% (18/33) |
Female: 50% (7/14) | Female: 42.1% (8/19) | Female: 45.5% (15/33) | |
Age | <7 years old: 71.4% (10/14) | <7 years old: 57.9% (11/19) | <7 years old: 63.6% (21/33) |
≥7 years old: 28.6% (4/14) | ≥7 years old: 42.1% (8/19) | ≥7 years old: 36.4% (12/33) Mean: 6 years | |
Mean: 5.64 years | Mean: 6.42 years | ||
Weight | ≤15 kg: 35.7% (5/14) | ≤15 kg: 36.8% (7/19) | ≤15 kg: 36.4% (12/33) |
>15 kg: 64.3% (9/14) | >15 kg: 63.2% (12/19) | >15 kg: 63.6% (21/33) | |
Mean: 26.86 kg | Mean: 21.89 kg | Mean: 24 kg. | |
Complementary Exams | MRI: 35.7% (5/14) | MRI: 42.1% (8/19) | MRI: 39.4% (13/33) |
CT: 64.3% (9/14) | CT: 57.9% (11/19) | CT: 60.6% (20/33) | |
Neuroanatomical Localization | T12–T13: 14.3% (2/14) | T12–T13: 21.1% (4/19) | T12–T13: 18.2% (6/33) |
T13–L1: 35.7% (5/14) | T13–L1: 36.8% (7/19) | T13–L1: 36.4% (12/33) | |
L1–L2: 21.4% (3/14) | L1–L2: 31.6% (6/19) | L1–L2: 27.3% (9/33) | |
L2–L3: 28.6% (4/14) | L2–L3: 10.5% (2/19) | L2–L3: 18.2% (6/33) | |
Lateralization signs | Absent: 14.3% (2/14) | Absent: 21.1% (4/19) | Absent: 18.2% (6/33) |
Present: 85.7% (12/14) | Present: 78.9% (15/19) | Present: 81.8% (27/33) | |
Spinal discomfort | Absent: 78.6% (11/14) | Absent: 84.2% (16/19) | Absent: 81.8% (27/33) |
Present: 21.4% (3/14) | Present: 15.8% (3/19) | Present: 18.2% (6/33) | |
Nociception | Absent: 28.6% (4/14) | Absent: 21.1% (4/19) | Absent: 24.2% (8/33) |
Present: 71.4% (10/14) | Present: 78.9% (15/19) | Present: 75.8% (25/33) | |
Modified Frankel Scale | Grade 0: 28.6% (4/14) | Grade 0: 21.1% (4/19) | Grade 0: 24.2% (8/33) |
Grade 1: 71.4% (10/14) | Grade 1: 78.9% (15/19) | Grade 1: 75.8% (25/33) | |
Fecal and Urinary Incontinence | Present: 14% (2/14) (progressive myelomalacia) | Absent: 100% (19/19) | Present: 6% (2/33) (progressive myelomalacia) |
Absent: 86% (12/14) | Absent: 94% (31/33) | ||
Occurrences | Absent: 28.6% (4/14) Present: 71.4% (10/14) | Absent: 57.9% (11/19) Present: 42.1% (8/19) | Absent: 45.5% (15/33) Present: 54.5% (18/33) (2 progressive myelomalacia) |
Reduced hindlimb reflexes | Withdrawal reflex | (+1) |
Patellar reflex | (+1) | |
Cranial tibial reflex | (+1) | |
Reduced hindlimb tone | (+1) | |
Reduced perineal reflex | (+1) | |
Reduced perineal tone | (+1) | |
Absent/abnormal cutaneous trunci cut off | (+1) | |
TOTAL SCORE |
KERRYPNX | Electrical Stimulation | Laser Therapy Class IV | Kinesiotherapy Exercises | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Land Treadmill | Underwater Treadmill | Exercises | |||||
Admission to Ambulation | Study Group | DPP Positive | 50 Hz, 10 mA, 150 μs, duty cycle 1:4; | After trichotomy, 12 J/cm2, 2,5 Hz, duty cycle 88%, 3 min, pulsed mode, SID, 15 days. | 3–10 min; | 5–10 min; | Obstacle rails, postural standing: 1–2 min, 3–6 times/day; |
no slope; | no slope; | bicycles: 2–3 times/day | |||||
1.8 km/h | 1.2–2 km/h | alternating floors: 1 min, 3–6 times/day, | |||||
10 min; TID; | 4–6 times/day; | SID; | 6 days/week. | ||||
SSS score < 4; BID. | 6 days/week. | 5 days/week. | |||||
DPP Negative | 40 Hz; 10–48 mA; 150 μs, | 3–10 min; | 10–20 min; | Obstacle rails, postural standing: 1–2 min, 3–6 times/day; | |||
no slope; | |||||||
duty cycle 1:4. | 2–5% slope; 1.5 km/h | 1.2–2 km/h | bicycles: 2–3 times/day; | ||||
10 min; TID | 6–8 times/day; | SID; | alternating floors: 1 min, 3–6 times/day, | ||||
SSS score < 4; BID. | 6 days/week. | 5 days/week. | 6 days/week | ||||
Control Group | DPP Positive | 50 Hz; 10 mA; 150 μs, duty cycle 1:4; | 3–10 min; | 5–10 min; | Obstacle rails, postural standing: 1–2 min, 3–6 times/day; | ||
no slope; | no slope; | bicycles: 2–3 times/day; | |||||
1.8 km/h | 1.2–2 km/h | alternating floors: 1 min, 3–6 times/day, | |||||
4–6 times/day; | SID; | 6 days/week. | |||||
10 min; BID. | 6 days/week. | 5 days/week. | |||||
DPP Negative | 40 Hz; 10–48 mA; 150 μs, | 3–10 min; | 10–20 min; | Obstacles rails, postural standing: 1–2 min, 3–6 times/day; | |||
2–5% slope; 1.5 km/h | no slope; | bicycles: 2–3 times/day; | |||||
6–8 times/day; | 1.2–2 km/h | alternating floors: 1 min, 3–6 times/day, | |||||
duty cycle 1:4; | 6 days/week. | SID; | 6 days/week. | ||||
10 min; BID. | 5 days/week. | ||||||
Ambulation to Clinical Discharge | Study Group | DPP Positive | 50 Hz; 10 mA; 150 μs, duty cycle 1:4; | 10–40 min; | 30 min; | Obstacle rails, postural standing: 1–2 min, 2–3 times/day; | |
2–5% slope; 2–2.5 km/h | 2–5% slope; | alternating floors: 2 min, 2–3 times/day, | |||||
2–3 times/day; | 2–2.5 km/h | 3 days/week. | |||||
3 days/week. | SID; | ||||||
10 min; SID. | 3 days/week. | ||||||
DPP Negative | 40 Hz; 10–48 mA; 150 μs, | 10–40 min; | 40 min; | Obstacle rails, postural standing: 1–2 min, 3 times/day; | |||
duty cycle 1:4; | 2–5% slope; 1.8–2.5 km/h | 5–10% slope; | alternating floors: 2 min, 3 times/day, | ||||
10 min; SID. | 2–3 times/day; | 2.8–4.5 km/h | 5 days/week. | ||||
5 days/week. | SID; | ||||||
5 days/week. | |||||||
Control Group | DPP Positive | 50 Hz; 10 mA; 150 μs, duty cycle 1:4; | 10–40 min; | Obstacle rails, postural standing: 1–2 min, 2–3 times/day; | |||
2–5% slope; 2–2.5 km/h | 30 min; | alternating floors: 2 min, 2–3 times/day, | |||||
2–3 times/day; | 2–5% slope; | 3 days/week. | |||||
3 days/week. | 2–2.5 km/h | ||||||
SID; | |||||||
10 min; SID. | 3 days/week. | ||||||
DPP Negative | 40 Hz; 10–48 mA; 150 μs, | 10–40 min; | 40 min; | Obstacle rails, postural standing: 1–2 min, 3 times/day; | |||
2–5% slope; 1.8–2.5 km/h | 5–10% slope; | alternating floors: 2 min, 3 times/day, | |||||
2–3 times/day; | 2.8–4.5 km/h | 5 days/week. | |||||
duty cycle 1:4; | 5 days/week. | SID; | |||||
10 min; SID. | 5 days/week. |
SG (n = 14) | CG (n = 19) | Total (n = 33) | ||
Age (years) | Mean | 5.64 | 6.42 | 6.09 |
Median | 5 | 6 | 6 | |
Variance | 5.94 | 9.48 | 7.898 | |
SD | 2.437 | 3.079 | 2.81 | |
Minimum | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
Maximum | 11 | 12 | 12 | |
SEM | 0.654 | 0.706 | 0.489 | |
Shapiro–Wilk Normality Test | 0.55 | 0.326 | 0.088 | |
Weight (kg) | Mean | 26.86 | 21.89 | 24 |
Median | 24 | 21 | 21 | |
Variance | 242.44 | 206.655 | 220.938 | |
SD | 15.57 | 14.375 | 14.864 | |
Minimum | 8 | 4 | 4 | |
Maximum | 60 | 57 | 60 | |
SEM | 4.161 | 3.298 | 2.587 | |
Shapiro–Wilk Normality Test | 0.31 | 0.149 | 0.127 |
Time Points | T0 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | T6 | T7 | T8 | T9 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ID | |||||||||||
1 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
2 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
5 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
6 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
7 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
8 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
9 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
10 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
11 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
12 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
13 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | ||||
14 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
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Gouveia, D.; Cardoso, A.; Carvalho, C.; Gonçalves, A.R.; Gamboa, Ó.; Canejo-Teixeira, R.; Ferreira, A.; Martins, Â. Influence of Spinal Shock on the Neurorehabilitation of ANNPE Dogs. Animals 2022, 12, 1557. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12121557
Gouveia D, Cardoso A, Carvalho C, Gonçalves AR, Gamboa Ó, Canejo-Teixeira R, Ferreira A, Martins Â. Influence of Spinal Shock on the Neurorehabilitation of ANNPE Dogs. Animals. 2022; 12(12):1557. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12121557
Chicago/Turabian StyleGouveia, Débora, Ana Cardoso, Carla Carvalho, Ana Rita Gonçalves, Óscar Gamboa, Rute Canejo-Teixeira, António Ferreira, and Ângela Martins. 2022. "Influence of Spinal Shock on the Neurorehabilitation of ANNPE Dogs" Animals 12, no. 12: 1557. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12121557