The Impact of Enhancing Diet Quality or Dietary Supplementation of Flavor and Multi-Enzymes on Primiparous Lactating Sows
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Animals and Design
2.2. Experimental Diets and Husbandry
2.3. Sample Collection and Measurement
2.3.1. Performance of Sows
2.3.2. Performance of Piglets and Predicted Milk Yield
2.3.3. Blood Sample Collection and Measurement
2.3.4. Milk Sample Collection and Measurement
2.3.5. Apparent Total Tract Digestibility Sampling and Measurement
2.3.6. Lactation Energy Intake and Lactation Efficiency
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Performance of Sows and Piglets and Predicted Milk Yield
3.2. Apparent Total Tract Digestibility, Sow Energy Intake and Lactation Efficiency
3.3. Serum Antioxidant Capacity and Biochemical Indicators
3.4. Milk Composition and Daily Output
3.5. Milk Supernatant Antioxidant Capacity
4. Discussion
4.1. Performance of Sows and Their Offspring
4.2. Apparent Total Tract Digestibility, Energy Intake and Lactation Efficiency
4.3. Serum Antioxidation Capacity and Biochemical Indicators
4.4. Milk Composition and Milk Supernatant Antioxidant Capacity
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Items | CON | HQ |
---|---|---|
Ingredients, kg | ||
Corn | 524.20 | 296.86 |
Extruded corn | 200.00 | |
Wheat bran | 150.00 | 100.00 |
Defatted rice bran | 65.50 | 46.00 |
Extruded full-fat soybean | - | 80.00 |
Fermented soybean meal | - | 40.00 |
Soybean meal | 166.00 | 109.00 |
Imported fish meal | 20.00 | 20.00 |
Sucrose | 20.00 | 20.00 |
Glucose | 20.00 | 20.00 |
Corn oil | - | 25.00 |
L-Lysine.H2SO4 (78.8%) | 3.56 | 3.87 |
L-Methionine (99%) | - | 0.51 |
L-Threonine (98.5%) | 1.21 | 1.48 |
L-Tryptophan (98%) | 0.32 | 0.38 |
L-Valine (98%) | 2.00 | 2.27 |
Calcium hydrophosphate | 4.64 | 15.82 |
Limestone | 14.18 | 10.41 |
Premix 1 | 8.39 | 8.39 |
Total | 1000.00 | 1000.00 |
Chemical compositions 2 | ||
Gross energy, MJ/kg | 15.79 | 16.76 |
Digestible energy, MJ/kg | 13.30 | 14.70 |
Metabolizable energy, MJ/kg | 12.94 | 13.90 |
Net energy, MJ/kg | 9.70 | 10.54 |
Crude protein, % | 16.22 | 17.21 |
Ether extract, % | 2.64 | 5.65 |
Standardized ileal digestible amino acids, % | ||
Lys, % | 0.95 | 1.04 |
Met, % | 0.23 | 0.27 |
Met + Cys, % | 0.52 | 0.56 |
Thr, % | 0.60 | 0.65 |
Try, % | 0.19 | 0.20 |
Ile, % | 0.54 | 0.58 |
Val, % | 0.81 | 0.88 |
Total calcium, % | 0.78 | 0.85 |
Total phosphorus, % | 0.80 | 0.96 |
Standard total tract digestible phosphorus, % | 0.32 | 0.48 |
Neutral detergent fiber, % | 18.29 | 14.64 |
Acid detergent fiber, % | 4.41 | 4.17 |
Crude fiber, % | 3.74 | 3.74 |
Items | CON | HQ | F + E | SEM | p-Value 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sows | |||||
No. of sows | 10 | 10 | 10 | - | - |
Feed intake | |||||
Day 2–7, kg/d | 2.22 | 2.41 | 2.40 | 0.212 | 0.77 |
Day 8–14, kg/d | 4.74 | 5.02 | 4.41 | 0.267 | 0.29 |
Day 15–21, kg/d | 5.77 | 5.90 | 5.60 | 0.252 | 0.71 |
Day 2–21, kg/d | 4.34 | 4.54 | 4.22 | 0.197 | 0.51 |
Live weight | |||||
Day 2, kg | 198 | 197 | 196 | 4.9 | 0.97 |
Day 21, kg | 186 | 186 | 183 | 4.0 | 0.78 |
Loss on day 2–21, kg | 12 | 11 | 14 | 3.1 | 0.83 |
BFT | |||||
BFT on day 2, mm | 17.5 | 17.8 | 17.7 | 0.98 | 0.97 |
BFT on day 21, mm | 15.5 | 15.7 | 15.6 | 1.00 | 0.98 |
BFT loss on day 2–21, mm | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 0.57 | 0.99 |
Calculated body composition | |||||
Body lipid loss, kg | 5.18 | 5.04 | 5.71 | 1.118 | 0.90 |
Body lipid loss, % | 12.99 | 12.97 | 14.26 | 2.689 | 0.93 |
Body protein loss, kg | 1.38 | 1.24 | 1.65 | 0.525 | 0.85 |
Body protein loss, % | 4.32 | 3.91 | 5.28 | 1.785 | 0.86 |
Body energy loss, MJ | 248 | 238 | 277 | 53.5 | 0.87 |
Body energy loss, % | 10.30 | 10.24 | 11.55 | 2.184 | 0.89 |
Items | Treatments | SEM | Time (Week) | SEM | p-Value 1 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CON | HQ | F + E | 1 | 2 | 3 | Treatment | Time | Treatment × Time | |||
Litter size, pig | 8.9 | 9.0 | 8.9 | 0.05 | 9.0 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 0.05 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.84 |
Piglet live weight, kg/pig | 3.55 b | 3.77 a | 3.78 a | 0.096 | 2.82 c | 4.32 b | 5.83 a | 0.096 | 0.04 | <0.001 | 0.88 |
Piglet ADG, g/d | 184 | 206 | 206 | 7.8 | 166b | 214 a | 216 a | 7.8 | 0.07 | <0.001 | 0.93 |
Litter weight gain, kg/d | 1.64 | 1.86 | 1.82 | 0.072 | 1.54 b | 2.01 a | 1.92 a | 0.072 | 0.08 | <0.001 | 0.95 |
Weekly milk yield, kg/week | 50.89 | 52.90 | 52.14 | 1.062 | 36.64 c | 57.78 b | 61.52 a | 0.652 | 0.41 | <0.001 | 0.67 |
Piglet growth:milk yield, kg/kg | 0.21 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.008 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.008 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.84 |
Items | CON | HQ | F + E | SEM | p-Value 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ATTD, % | |||||
DM | 89.40 b | 91.53 a | 89.63 b | 0.486 | 0.01 |
EE | 64.22 b | 83.86 a | 69.44 b | 1.908 | <0.001 |
GE | 83.88 b | 87.72 a | 84.64 b | 0.575 | <0.01 |
CP | 85.18 b | 89.00 a | 86.61 b | 0.743 | <0.01 |
Ash | 42.10 b | 54.35 a | 50.33 a | 1.712 | <0.001 |
NDF | 57.41 | 62.49 | 61.86 | 1.703 | 0.08 |
ADF | 42.69 b | 53.24 a | 40.23 b | 2.389 | <0.01 |
CF | 35.47 b | 52.55 a | 42.39 b | 2.621 | <0.01 |
Calcium | 44.68 | 53.38 | 53.60 | 3.451 | 0.134 |
Phosphorus | 51.69 c | 73.25 a | 60.63 b | 2.415 | <0.001 |
DE 2, MJ/kg | 13.32 | 14.70 | 13.28 | - | - |
Lactation energy intake, MJ | |||||
Total DE | 1157.61 b | 1335.82 a | 1121.10 b | 53.360 | 0.02 |
Daily DE | 57.88 b | 66.79 a | 56.05 b | 2.668 | 0.02 |
Lactation efficiency, g/MJ DE | 27.33 | 25.7 | 29.14 | 1.517 | 0.28 |
Items | Treatments | SEM | Time (Day) | SEM | p-Value 1 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CON | HQ | F + E | 7 | 14 | 21 | Treatment | Time | Treatment × Time | |||
SOD U/mL | 50.04 | 46.72 | 49.23 | 3.532 | 44.50 b | 46.92 ab | 54.56 a | 1.843 | 0.79 | 0.01 | 0.70 |
CAT, U/mL | 12.14 | 10.14 | 11.33 | 0.653 | 15.01 a | 8.96 b | 9.65 b | 0.653 | 0.10 | <0.001 | 0.70 |
GSH-Px, U/mL | 1091 | 1088 | 1102 | 50.4 | 992 b | 1173 a | 1118 a | 38.2 | 0.98 | 0.04 | 0.36 |
T-AOC, mmol/L | 0.24 | 0.28 | 0.24 | 0.025 | 0.33 a | 0.14 b | 0.28 a | 0.028 | 0.41 | <0.001 | 0.99 |
MDA, nmol/mL | 3.12 | 2.69 | 2.69 | 0.314 | 3.06 | 2.84 | 2.60 | 0.258 | 0.54 | 0.37 | 0.89 |
Items | Treatments | SEM | Time (Day) | SEM | p-Value 1 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CON | HQ | F + E | 7 | 14 | 21 | Treatment | Time | Treatment × Time | |||
Protein and lipid metabolism | |||||||||||
CREA, μmol/L | 143.32 | 143.74 | 146.25 | 5.662 | 154.75 a | 138.35 b | 140.21 b | 3.954 | 0.93 | <0.001 | 0.75 |
UN, mmol/L | 8.55 a | 8.68 a | 7.27 b | 0.362 | 8.66 | 7.94 | 7.90 | 0.356 | 0.02 | 0.36 | 0.52 |
β-HBA, mmol/L | 0.026 | 0.019 | 0.017 | 0.0051 | 0.043 a | 0.009 b | 0.010 b | 0.0039 | 0.41 | <0.001 | 0.54 |
TG, mmol/L | 0.47 | 0.43 | 0.45 | 0.023 | 0.57 a | 0.40 b | 0.39 b | 0.021 | 0.46 | <0.001 | 0.54 |
NEFA, mmol/L | 0.72 | 0.62 | 0.69 | 0.102 | 1.33 a | 0.33 b | 0.38 b | 0.094 | 0.81 | <0.001 | 0.26 |
LDL-C, mmol/L | 0.84 | 0.90 | 0.79 | 0.054 | 0.78 | 0.88 | 0.87 | 0.041 | 0.35 | 0.09 | 0.59 |
HDL-C, mmol/L | 0.65 ab | 0.76 a | 0.60 b | 0.034 | 0.54 b | 0.68 a | 0.79 a | 0.034 | <0.01 | <0.001 | 0.39 |
TC, mmol/L | 1.85 | 2.17 | 1.73 | 0.098 | 1.62 b | 1.99 a | 2.14 a | 0.098 | 0.07 | <0.001 | 0.21 |
Liver health and immunity | |||||||||||
AST, U/L | 34.63 a | 30.07 ab | 29.60 b | 1.442 | 33.77 | 29.5 | 31.03 | 1.442 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.83 |
ALT, U/L | 27.8 | 25.83 | 25.8 | 1.579 | 26.27 a | 24.67 b | 28.50 a | 1.122 | 0.60 | <0.01 | 0.22 |
GGT, U/L | 35.07 | 38.4 | 38.97 | 2.922 | 38.13 | 37.23 | 37.07 | 1.938 | 0.60 | 0.79 | 0.26 |
CRP, mg/L | 6.55 | 6.61 | 5.68 | 0.601 | 5.52 b | 6.38 ab | 6.94 a | 0.426 | 0.49 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
Items | Treatments | SEM | Time (Day) | SEM | p-Value 1 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CON | HQ | F + E | 7 | 14 | 21 | Treatment | Time | Treatment × Time | |||
Milk composition | |||||||||||
DM, % | 20.7 | 20.8 | 21.0 | 0.52 | 24.1 a | 19.1 b | 19.4 b | 0.58 | 0.90 | <0.001 | 0.43 |
Fat, % | 8.6 | 8.5 | 8.9 | 0.47 | 11.5 a | 7.2 b | 7.3 b | 0.47 | 0.72 | <0.001 | 0.71 |
Protein, % | 5.5 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 0.14 | 6.1 a | 5.1 b | 5.2 b | 0.14 | 0.82 | <0.001 | 0.46 |
Non-fat milk solids, % | 12.1 | 12.4 | 12.0 | 0.19 | 12.5 | 11.9 | 12.1 | 0.19 | 0.47 | 0.11 | 0.35 |
Lactose, % | 5.4 | 5.7 | 5.3 | 0.16 | 5.1 b | 5.6 a | 5.7 a | 0.14 | 0.21 | <0.01 | 0.58 |
SCC, ×1000 cells/mL | 1614 | 793 | 1493 | 846.4 | 1998 | 734 | 1168 | 708.6 | 0.33 | 0.53 | 0.45 |
UN, mg/dL | 52.7 | 52.3 | 51.8 | 2.18 | 60.9 a | 43.6 c | 52.3 b | 2.18 | 0.95 | <0.001 | 0.47 |
Daily output | |||||||||||
Fat, g/d | 676 | 686 | 719 | 40.7 | 822 a | 630 b | 628 b | 40.7 | 0.73 | 0.001 | 0.81 |
Protein, g/d | 429 | 439 | 450 | 15.1 | 433 | 438 | 446 | 15.1 | 0.63 | 0.85 | 0.91 |
Lactose, g/d | 427 | 472 | 442 | 15.5 | 366 b | 483 a | 492 a | 15.5 | 0.12 | <0.001 | 0.85 |
Items | Treatments | SEM | Time (Day) | SEM | p-Value 1 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CON | HQ | F + E | 7 | 14 | 21 | Treatment | Time | Treatment × Time | |||
SOD, U/mL | 90.51 b | 119.73 ab | 132.03 a | 10.283 | 221.01 a | 56.26 b | 64.99 b | 15.898 | 0.02 | <0.001 | <0.01 |
CAT, U/mL | 2.24 b | 3.26 ab | 4.72 a | 0.46 | 4.31 a | 3.44 ab | 2.47 b | 0.41 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.08 |
GSH-Px, U/mL | 30.54 b | 33.88 b | 44.60 a | 3.05 | 45.43 a | 26.88 b | 36.71 a | 3.21 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.65 |
T-AOC, mmol/L | 0.89 | 0.98 | 0.74 | 0.099 | 0.89 | 0.84 | 0.88 | 0.09 | 0.25 | 0.88 | 0.52 |
MDA, nmol/mL | 3.59 a | 3.53 a | 2.73 b | 0.198 | 4.39 a | 3.21 b | 2.25 c | 0.23 | <0.01 | <0.001 | 0.53 |
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Zhe, L.; Zhou, R.; Theil, P.K.; Krogh, U.; Yang, L.; Zhuo, Y.; Lin, Y.; Xu, S.; Jiang, X.; Huang, L.; et al. The Impact of Enhancing Diet Quality or Dietary Supplementation of Flavor and Multi-Enzymes on Primiparous Lactating Sows. Animals 2022, 12, 1493. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12121493
Zhe L, Zhou R, Theil PK, Krogh U, Yang L, Zhuo Y, Lin Y, Xu S, Jiang X, Huang L, et al. The Impact of Enhancing Diet Quality or Dietary Supplementation of Flavor and Multi-Enzymes on Primiparous Lactating Sows. Animals. 2022; 12(12):1493. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12121493
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhe, Li, Rui Zhou, Peter Kappel Theil, Uffe Krogh, Lunxiang Yang, Yong Zhuo, Yan Lin, Shengyu Xu, Xuemei Jiang, Lingjie Huang, and et al. 2022. "The Impact of Enhancing Diet Quality or Dietary Supplementation of Flavor and Multi-Enzymes on Primiparous Lactating Sows" Animals 12, no. 12: 1493. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12121493