Keel Bone Damage in Laying Hens—Its Relation to Bone Mineral Density, Body Growth Rate and Laying Performance
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chicken Lines
2.2. Housing System, Management and Feeding
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Statistical Analyses
2.4.1. Deformities and Fractures of the Keel Bone
2.4.2. Approximation of Growth Curves
2.4.3. Bone Mineral Densities Measured in Floor Pens and Cages
2.4.4. Bone Mineral Densities Measured in Single Cages
3. Results
3.1. Keel Bone Deformities Assessed Intra Vitam in the First Generation
3.2. Post Mortem Examination of Keel Bone Status
3.3. Fitting the Gompertz Function to the Growth Data
3.4. Bone Mineral Density of the Keel Bone in both Housing Systems
3.5. Bone Mineral Density Measured in Single Cages
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Week of Age | Floor Housing | Single Cages | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BLA | L68 | R11 | WLA | BLA | L68 | R11 | WLA | |||||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
15 | 169 | 0.49 AB | 166 | 0 B | 168 | 0 B | 167 | 2.99 A | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
21 | 97 | 5.15 D | 93 | 4.30 DE | 96 | 1.04 E | 94 | 1.06 DE | 71 | 12.68 C | 71 | 2.82 DE | 72 | 76.39 A | 72 | 45.83 B |
29 | 97 | 7.22 D | 89 | 6.74 D | 95 | 16.84 C | 92 | 8.70 CD | 68 | 61.76 B | 69 | 11.59 CD | 72 | 90.28 A | 72 | 81.94 A |
37 | 97 | 11.34 DE | 89 | 5.62 E | 95 | 24.21 C | 90 | 21.11 CD | 67 | 71.64 B | 69 | 11.59 DE | 72 | 95.83 A | 71 | 90.14 A |
45 | 95 | 17.89 DE | 89 | 12.36 E | 95 | 29.47 CD | 89 | 42.70 C | 67 | 77.61 B | 67 | 22.39 DE | 72 | 94.44 A | 70 | 91.43 A |
57 | 72 | 22.22 DE | 81 | 11.11 E | 95 | 46.32 C | 80 | 45.00 C | 67 | 80.60 B | 66 | 25.76 D | 72 | 95.83 A | 68 | 89.71 A |
61 | 72 | 20.83 EF | 90 | 11.25 E | 95 | 42.10 CD | 77 | 44.16 C | 66 | 78.79 B | 65 | 29.23 C | 72 | 95.83 A | 68 | 89.71 A |
69 | 71 | 26.76 DE | 79 | 13.92 F | 95 | 40.00 CD | 73 | 43.84 C | 64 | 84.37 B | 65 | 23.08 EF | 70 | 97.14 A | 67 | 94.03 A |
Trait | Floor Housing | Single Cages | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BLA | L68 | WLA | R11 | BLA | L68 | WLA | R11 | |
n = 71 | n = 79 | n = 73 | n = 95 | n = 64 | n = 65 | n = 66 | n = 70 | |
Percentage of keel bones with/without deformities 1 | ||||||||
Score 4 | 70.42 | 82.28 | 41.10 | 47.37 | 15.63 | 61.54 | 3.03 | 2.86 |
Score 3 | 23.94 | 15.19 | 38.36 | 47.37 | 26.56 | 33.85 | 6.06 | 24.29 |
Score 2 | 5.63 | 2.53 | 20.55 | 5.26 | 57.81 | 4.62 | 90.91 | 72.86 |
Significance | AB | A | D | C | E | BC | F | G |
Direction of keel bone deformity 2 | ||||||||
Score 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.96 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.49 |
Score 1 | 85.71 | 86.67 | 65.12 | 82.35 | 16.67 | 76.00 | 4.69 | 10.45 |
Score 2 | 14.29 | 13.33 | 34.88 | 15.69 | 83.33 | 24.00 | 95.31 | 88.06 |
Significance | A | A | A | A | B | A | C | BC |
Percentage of keel bones with/without fractures 3 | ||||||||
Score 0 | 33.80 | 75.64 | 27.40 | 71.28 | 62.50 | 95.38 | 53.03 | 72.86 |
Score 1 | 66.20 | 24.36 | 72.60 | 28.72 | 37.50 | 4.62 | 46.97 | 27.14 |
Significance | B | E | A | E | DE | F | CD | E |
Percentage of numbers of fractures in the caudal third of fractured keel bones | ||||||||
1 | 37.78 | 52.94 | 43.64 | 53.85 | 60.00 | 66.67 | 56.00 | 62.50 |
2 | 31.11 | 11.67 | 25.45 | 34.62 | 25.00 | 0 | 16.00 | 25.00 |
3 | 17.78 | 23.53 | 12.73 | 11.54 | 5.00 | 33.33 | 20.00 | 12.50 |
≥4 | 13.33 | 11.76 | 18.18 | 0 | 10.00 | 0 | 8.00 | 0 |
Significance | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A |
Trait | Floor Housing | Single Cages | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BLA | L68 | WLA | R11 | BLA | L68 | WLA | R11 | |
n = 92 | n = 90 | n = 74 | n = 96 | n = 72 | n = 71 | n = 70 | n = 70 | |
Percentage of keel bones with/without deformities 1 | ||||||||
Score 4 | 68.09 | 91.11 | 54.05 | 70.83 | 30.56 | 61.97 | 11.43 | 5.71 |
Score 3 | 22.34 | 8.89 | 28.38 | 22.92 | 25.00 | 30.99 | 28.57 | 35.71 |
Score 2 | 9.57 | 0 | 17.57 | 6.25 | 44.44 | 7.04 | 60.00 | 58.57 |
Significance | BC | A | C | B | D | BC | E | E |
Direction of keel bone deformity 2 | ||||||||
Score 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.49 |
Score 1 | 38.71 | 97.50 | 52.94 | 60.71 | 24.00 | 40.74 | 19.67 | 11.94 |
Score 2 | 61.29 | 12.50 | 47.06 | 39.29 | 76.00 | 59.26 | 80.33 | 86.57 |
Significance | BC | A | AB | AB | CD | BC | D | D |
Percentage of keel bones with/without fractures 3 | ||||||||
Score 0 | 41.49 | 67.78 | 25.68 | 50.00 | 59.72 | 94.37 | 74.29 | 85.51 |
Score 1 | 58.51 | 32.22 | 74.32 | 50.00 | 40.28 | 5.63 | 25.71 | 14.49 |
Significance | B | DE | A | BC | CDE | G | EF | FG |
Percentage of numbers of fractures in the caudal third of fractured keel bones | ||||||||
1 | 50.91 | 71.43 | 34.55 | 70.83 | 58.62 | 100 | 43.75 | 100 |
2 | 29.09 | 25.00 | 29.09 | 22.92 | 24.14 | 0 | 31.25 | 0 |
3 | 7.27 | 0 | 14.55 | 6.25 | 6.90 | 0 | 18.75 | 0 |
≥4 | 12.73 | 3.57 | 21.82 | 0 | 10.34 | 0 | 6.25 | 0 |
Significance | AB | BCD | A | CD | ABCD | ABCD | AD | BC |
Effect | BMD (g/cm2) | Effect | BMD (g/cm2) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
F Value | p -Value | F Value | p -Value | ||
Generation (G) | 39.13 | <0.001 | LL × HS | 3.87 | 0.009 |
Layer line (LL) | 14.62 | <0.001 | LL × KBD | 0.286 | 0.944 |
Housing system (HS) | 44.73 | <0.001 | LL × KBF | 2.15 | 0.092 |
Keel bone deformity (KBD) | 7.57 | <0.001 | HS × KBD | 4.89 | 0.008 |
Keel bone fracture (KBF) | 0.005 | 0.942 | HS × KBF | 1.72 | 0.189 |
G ×LL | 2.36 | 0.074 | KBD × KBF | 1.56 | 0.210 |
G × HS | 0.895 | 0.345 | a | 12.31 | <0.001 |
G × KBD | 1.44 | 0.238 | b | 0.284 | 0.889 |
G × KBF | 1.15 | 0.283 | c | 0.422 | 0.793 |
Effect | BMD (g/cm2) | Effect | BMD (g/cm2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
LSM ± SE | LSM ± SE | |||
Generation | Layer line × Housing System | |||
1st Generation | 0.180 A ± 0.005 | BLA | Floor housing | 0.196 AB ± 0.009 |
2nd Generation | 1.154 B ± 0.005 | Cages | 0.163 CD ± 0.005 | |
Layer Line | L68 | Floor housing | 0.209 A ± 0.011 | |
BLA | 0.179 A ± 0.006 | Cages | 0.159 BCD ± 0.008 | |
L68 | 0.184 A ± 0.009 | WLA | Floor housing | 0.159 CD ± 0.007 |
WLA | 0.140 B ± 0.005 | Cages | 0.121 E ± 0.004 | |
R11 | 0.165 A ± 0.007 | R11 | Floor housing | 0.184 ABC ± 0.009 |
Housing System | Cages | 0.147 D ± 0.006 | ||
Floor housing | 0.187 A ± 0.007 | Housing System × KBD | ||
Cages | 0.147 B ± 0.003 | Floor housing | Score 2 | 0.187 AB ± 0.007 |
Keel Bone Deformities (KBD) | Score 3 | 0.196 A ± 0.003 | ||
Score 2 | 0.167 B ± 0.004 | Score 4 | 0.195 A ± 0.002 | |
Score 3 | 0.177 A ± 0.003 | Cages | Score 2 | 0.147 D ± 0.003 |
Score 4 | 0.183 A ± 0.003 | Score 3 | 0.159 C ± 0.003 | |
Keel Bone Fractures (KBF) | Score 4 | 0.171 B ± 0.003 | ||
Score 0 | 0.167 A ± 0.004 | |||
Score 1 | 0.167 A ± 0.003 |
Effect | BMD (g/cm2) | Effect | BMD (g/cm2) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
F Value | p -Value | F Value | p -Value | ||
Generation (G) | 27.79 | <0.001 | LL × KBF | 0.628 | 0.597 |
Layer line (LL) | 2.17 | 0.091 | KBD × KBF | 0.441 | 0.644 |
Keel bone deformity (KBD) | 7.92 | <0.001 | First egg | 0.863 | 0.486 |
Keel bone fracture (KBF) | 3.52 | 0.061 | LP1 | 2.871 | 0.023 |
G × LL | 0.702 | 0.552 | LP2 | 6.550 | <0.001 |
G × KBD | 1.68 | 0.188 | a | 4.58 | 0.001 |
G × KBF | 2.49 | 0.115 | b | 0.786 | 0.535 |
LL × KBD | 1.4425 | 0.197 | c | 1.938 | 0.103 |
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Habig, C.; Henning, M.; Baulain, U.; Jansen, S.; Scholz, A.M.; Weigend, S. Keel Bone Damage in Laying Hens—Its Relation to Bone Mineral Density, Body Growth Rate and Laying Performance. Animals 2021, 11, 1546. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11061546
Habig C, Henning M, Baulain U, Jansen S, Scholz AM, Weigend S. Keel Bone Damage in Laying Hens—Its Relation to Bone Mineral Density, Body Growth Rate and Laying Performance. Animals. 2021; 11(6):1546. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11061546
Chicago/Turabian StyleHabig, Christin, Martina Henning, Ulrich Baulain, Simon Jansen, Armin Manfred Scholz, and Steffen Weigend. 2021. "Keel Bone Damage in Laying Hens—Its Relation to Bone Mineral Density, Body Growth Rate and Laying Performance" Animals 11, no. 6: 1546. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11061546
APA StyleHabig, C., Henning, M., Baulain, U., Jansen, S., Scholz, A. M., & Weigend, S. (2021). Keel Bone Damage in Laying Hens—Its Relation to Bone Mineral Density, Body Growth Rate and Laying Performance. Animals, 11(6), 1546. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11061546