The Variability of Quality Traits of Table Eggs and Eggshell Mineral Composition Depending on Hens’ Breed and Eggshell Color
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- L*—color lightness (ranges from 0 for an extremely black body and to 100 for a perfectly white body);
- a*—chromaticity in the red—green axis (red if it is positive, green if it is negative);
- b*—chromaticity in the yellow-blue axis (yellow if it is positive, blue if it is negative);
- C—chroma (the distance of the color point to the L*-axis);
- h—color hue angle (its range starts at the positive side of the a*-axis and goes counter-clockwise).
- whole egg—egg index (as a ratio of the short and long axes of egg, measured by electronic caliper, Limit, Alingsås, Sweden), weight (using an electronic scale with an accuracy of 0.01 g), proportions of morphological elements (in relation to the egg weight), specific gravity of eggs according to Archimedes principle based on egg weight measured in the air (“dry egg weight”) and in the water (“wet egg weight”);
- shell—color (as a percent of reflected light, using EQM reflectometer), weight (using an electronic scale with an accuracy of 0.01 g), thickness (by EQM micrometer screw, on the “equator”), strength (Instron 55 Mini apparatus, along the long axis, blunt end up), area, volume, and density (calculated according to Shafey [16]);
- albumen—weight (using an electronic scale with an accuracy of 0.01 g), height (EQM detector), pH (by ph-meter with a combined glass electrode, Elmetron®, Zabrze, Poland), Haugh units (calculated according to Williams [17]);
- yolk—weight (using an electronic scale with an accuracy of 0.01 g), color (using 16-points DSM YolkFanTM, DSM Nutritional Products, Basel, Switzerland), index (as ratio of its height and diameter, by electronic calliper), pH (by pH-meter with a combined glass electrode.
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Trait | Ar | Mrs | Lg | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Weight (g) | 47.24 a | 6.10 | 60.93 b | 4.76 | 66.32 c | 3.19 | <0.001 |
Specific gravity (g/cm3) | 1.078 | 0.005 | 1.078 | 0.009 | 1.081 | 0.008 | 0.299 |
Egg index | 71.77 a | 3.06 | 76.67 b | 1.91 | 71.45 a | 4.86 | <0.001 |
Trait | Ar | Mrs | Lg | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Weight (g) | 15.99 a | 2.92 | 18.42 b | 1.14 | 15.97 a | 0.67 | 0.001 |
Color (pts) | 7.40 | 1.12 | 7.93 | 1.33 | 7.93 | 0.70 | 0.057 |
Index | 40.50 b | 3.98 | 30.57 a | 17.62 | 40.71 b | 1.87 | 0.043 |
Trait | Ar | Mrs | Lg | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Weight (g) | 24.69 a | 2.62 | 34.84 b | 4.06 | 42.27 c | 3.06 | <0.001 |
Height (mm) | 5.93 a | 0.66 | 7.26 b | 1.45 | 7.60 b | 1.33 | 0.001 |
Haugh units | 80.53 | 4.03 | 84.01 | 8.66 | 84.82 | 7.43 | 0.215 |
Trait | Ar | Mrs | Lg | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Color (%) | 55.80 b | 2.70 | 13.13 a | 1.81 | 71.87 c | 3.46 | <0.001 |
L* | 85.80 b | 1.88 | 45.21 a | 3.50 | 96.86 c | 0.91 | <0.001 |
a* | −7.23 a | 0.80 | 20.98 c | 1.43 | −0.78 b | 0.24 | <0.001 |
b* | 8.28 c | 2.55 | 25.57 b | 2.20 | 5.85 a | 2.26 | <0.001 |
C | 11.18 b | 1.67 | 33.14 c | 1.58 | 5.91 a | 2.25 | <0.001 |
h | 132.47 c | 10.83 | 50.54 a | 3.69 | 98.24 b | 2.48 | <0.001 |
Strength (N) | 41.95 a | 6.17 | 53.50 b | 13.05 | 38.08 a | 10.34 | <0.001 |
Weight (g) | 6.56 a | 0.88 | 7.67 b | 0.89 | 8.09 b | 0.53 | <0.001 |
Thickness (mm) | 0.291 a | 0.023 | 0.344 b | 0.048 | 0.337 b | 0.035 | <0.001 |
Area (cm2) | 61.95 a | 5.30 | 73.40 b | 3.78 | 77.66 c | 2.51 | <0.001 |
Volume (cm3) | 1.80 a | 0.19 | 2.53 b | 0.42 | 2.61 b | 0.25 | <0.001 |
Density (g/cm2) | 3.66 b | 0.45 | 3.07 a | 0.37 | 3.11 a | 0.20 | <0.001 |
Elements Content [ppm] | Ar | Mrs | Lg | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Ca | 300,800 a | 14,200 | 358,900 b | 7600 | 311,100 a | 19,200 | <0.001 |
Mg | 3627.3 a | 139.7 | 3221.4 b | 69.2 | 3402.7 a | 193.6 | <0.001 |
Na | 1571.6 | 203.8 | 1611.3 | 93.3 | 1588.9 | 401.8 | 0.894 |
K | 779.9 | 59.7 | 771.2 | 54.1 | 780.8 | 52.0 | 0.833 |
Cu | 1.638 b | 0.153 | 2.010 c | 0.252 | 1.092 a | 0.118 | <0.001 |
Zn | 0.150 b | 0.050 | 0.106 a | 0.023 | 0.000 | 0.000 | <0.001 |
Al | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.023 b | 0.008 | 0.010 a | 0.002 | <0.001 |
Trait | SC | L* | a* | b* | C | h | Ca | Mg | Na | K | Cu | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L* | 0.905 ** | |||||||||||
a* | −0.438 ** | −0.456 ** | ||||||||||
b* | −0.761 ** | −0.869 ** | 0.540 ** | |||||||||
C | −0.841 ** | −0.933 ** | 0.462 ** | 0.955 ** | ||||||||
h | 0.452 ** | 0.531 ** | −0.941 ** | −0.629 ** | −0.513 ** | |||||||
Ca | −0.547 ** | −0.533 ** | 0.774 ** | 0.580 ** | 0.557 ** | −0.736 ** | ||||||
Mg | 0.274 * | 0.298 * | −0.718 ** | −0.345 ** | −0.290 * | 0.690 ** | −0.619 ** | |||||
Na | 0.062 | −0.056 | 0.009 | −0.003 | 0.042 | 0.022 | 0.326 ** | −0.448 ** | ||||
K | 0.137 | 0.079 | −0.114 | −0.107 | −0.136 | 0.069 | −0.209 | −0.319 ** | 0.559 ** | |||
Cu | −0.837 ** | −0.831 ** | 0.314 ** | 0.728 ** | 0.819 ** | −0.327 ** | 0.546 ** | −0.266 * | 0.225 * | 0.046 | ||
Zn | −0.565 ** | −0.567 ** | −0.255 * | 0.351 ** | 0.502 ** | 0.230 * | −0.084 | 0.136 | 0.174 | 0.298 * | 0.659 ** | |
Al | −0.312 * | −0.350 ** | 0.897 ** | 0.496 ** | 0.404 ** | −0.859 ** | 0.702 ** | −0.663 ** | −0.131 | −0.217 * | 0.203 | −0.352 ** |
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Drabik, K.; Karwowska, M.; Wengerska, K.; Próchniak, T.; Adamczuk, A.; Batkowska, J. The Variability of Quality Traits of Table Eggs and Eggshell Mineral Composition Depending on Hens’ Breed and Eggshell Color. Animals 2021, 11, 1204. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11051204
Drabik K, Karwowska M, Wengerska K, Próchniak T, Adamczuk A, Batkowska J. The Variability of Quality Traits of Table Eggs and Eggshell Mineral Composition Depending on Hens’ Breed and Eggshell Color. Animals. 2021; 11(5):1204. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11051204
Chicago/Turabian StyleDrabik, Kamil, Małgorzata Karwowska, Karolina Wengerska, Tomasz Próchniak, Agnieszka Adamczuk, and Justyna Batkowska. 2021. "The Variability of Quality Traits of Table Eggs and Eggshell Mineral Composition Depending on Hens’ Breed and Eggshell Color" Animals 11, no. 5: 1204. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11051204
APA StyleDrabik, K., Karwowska, M., Wengerska, K., Próchniak, T., Adamczuk, A., & Batkowska, J. (2021). The Variability of Quality Traits of Table Eggs and Eggshell Mineral Composition Depending on Hens’ Breed and Eggshell Color. Animals, 11(5), 1204. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11051204