Alternatives in Education—Evaluation of Rat Simulators in Laboratory Animal Training Courses from Participants’ Perspective
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Survey Protocol
2.1.1. Design and Pretest of the Survey
2.1.2. Practical Evaluation
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographics
3.2. Participants’ Evaluation of the Simulator-Training Workshop (Questionnaire Part 1)
“For i.v. and blood injection the rat [simulator] was very helpful. It´s already difficult to inject the needle in the vein. Now I know, to what to pay attention when I use a real rat.”(feedback from a participant without experience in handling rats who used rat simulator type A)
“The model was really helpful, but some improvements can be done”(feedback from a participant with a little bit of experience in handling rats who used rat simulator type C)
“I was afraid of rats before and could not handle rats correctly. Now, I’m becoming more optimistic on how to do it. Thank you very much.”(feedback from a participant with a little bit of experience in handling rats who used rat simulator type E).
3.3. Participants’ Evaluation of the Practical Simulator Training
3.3.1. Participants’ Methodological Assessment of the Practical Training with Simulators
3.3.2. Participant Statements on Material-Related Difficulties
3.4. Participants’ Evaluation of the Practical Training with Live Rats
3.4.1. Participants’ Personal Assessment of Their Practical Training Performance on Live Rats
3.4.2. Participants´ Statements on the Most Demanding Techniques Performed on Live Rats
3.5. Participants’ Assessment of the Learning Efficacy after the Practical Training on Rats
3.6. Methodological Requirements for a Novel Rat Simulator
3.7. Participants Comments and Feedback Messages after Practical Training with Live Rats
3.7.1. Participants’ Comments on the Simulator They Practiced On
“You lose the initial shy before touching a rat; you can practice the procedures step by step and slowly to get sort of a routine”(positive comment from a participant without experience in handling rats who used rat simulator type B)
“The material and its stiffness (everything quite hard)-more flexible would be more realistic”(negative comment from a participant without experience in handling rats who used rat simulator type C)
“Improve the way the body feels and make sure, that you can actually grab the skin/fur behind the neck and back”(comment for improvements from a participant without experience in handling rats who used rat simulator type D)
3.7.2. Participants Feedback Messages after Practical Training on Live Rats
“Interesting, but some improvements are necessary”; “make the simulator more realistic”(feedback messages from two participants with a lot of experience in handling rats who used rat simulator type C)
“Simulator increased confidence but reality of handling seems hard to simulate”(feedback message from a participant without experience in handling rats who used rat simulator type E)
“I liked the training provided by the simulator. I believe, it is an important step prior working with the live animals. Specially because one gets to train the handling and fixation of animals, as well as, how to collect blood samples and injections”(feedback message from a participant with a little bit of experience in handling rats who used rat simulator type E).
“Good option, but they have to be improved to be realistic (touch, rigidity). Vein injection is easy because we can see the “tube” that is simulating the vessel. In real rats sometimes that is not happening”(feedback message from a participant with a little bit of experience in handling rats who used rat simulator type D).
3.8. Impact of Experience in Handling Rats, Language, or Course Providers
4. Discussion
4.1. Demographics and Study Design
4.1.1. Demographics
4.1.2. Study Design
4.2. Participants‘ Evaluation of the Simulator Workshop
4.3. Participants‘ Evaluation of the Training on the Simulators
4.4. Participants‘ Requirements for a Novel Simulator
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Product Information | Evaluated Rat Simulators | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rat Simulator A | Rat Simulator B | Rat Simulator C | Rat Simulator D | Rat Simulator E | |
External appearance | |||||
NORINA database record number [16] | 5e236 | 88cf4 | 05ebd | 457b1 | f7a0d |
Numbers of simulators per type used for practical evaluation | 2 | 3 | 3 i | 3 | 2 |
Techniques practiced per simulator type | Handling | Handling | Handling | Handling | Handling |
Restraint
| Restraint
| Restraint
| Restraint
| Restraint
| |
Administration
| Administration
| Administration
| Administration
| Administration
| |
Blood sampling via
| Blood sampling via
| Blood sampling via
| Blood sampling via
| Blood sampling via
| |
Ear punch | |||||
Instruments and materials provided for training at the simulator stations |
|
|
|
|
|
Specifications according to manufacturer’s manual | Application of water and performance control for oral gavage | Application of water and performance control for oral gavage | - | Fur, flexible head | Application solely of air allowed for oral gavage, subcutaneous and intramuscular administration, fluids allowed for tail vein |
Group of Participants | ALL | A | B | C | D | E | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N) | N = 332 | N = 65 | N = 78 | N = 53 | N = 73 | N = 63 | |
1 | Handling and routine procedures | Median value (Standard Deviation σ) Absolute number of responses (n) | |||||
2 | Handling (h) | 2.00 (±1.42) n = 303 | 2.00 (±0.89) n = 60 | 2.00 (±0.91) n = 69 | 2.00 (±1.05) n = 50 | 2.00 (±1.17) n = 69 | 2.00 (±1.01) n = 55 |
3 | Restraint–scruffing (r1) | 3.00 (±1.58) n = 326 | 2.00 (±0.97) n = 64 | 2.00 (±1.02) n = 77 | 4.00 (±1.82) n = 51 | 5.00 (±1.47) n = 71 | 3.00 (±1.15) n = 63 |
4 | Restraint–over the shoulder grip (r2) | 2.00 (±1.07) n = 329 | 2.00 (±0.94) n = 64 | 2.00 (±1.16) n = 78 | 2.00 (±0.96) n = 52 | 2.00 (±1.17) n = 72 | 2.00 (±1.00) n = 63 |
5 | Restraint–middle shoulder grip (r3) | 2.00 (±1.09) n = 328 | 2.00 (±1.11) n = 64 | 2.00 (±1.20) n = 77 | 2.00 (±0.90) n = 52 | 3.00 (±1.28) n = 72 | 3.00 (±0.80) n = 63 |
6 | Restraint–under the shoulder grip (r4) | 3.00 (±1.19) n = 327 | 2.00 (±1.18) n = 64 | 2.00 (±1.23) n = 77 | 3.00 (±1.03) n = 51 | 3.00 (±1.37) n =73 | 2.50 (±0.91) n = 62 |
7 | Ear punch (ep) | 2.00 (±1.23) n = 62 | - | - | - | 2.00 (±1.23) n = 62 | - |
8 | Oral gavage (og) | 3.00 (±1.41) n = 190 | 2.00 (±1.03) n = 60 | 3.00 (±1.29) n = 73 | - | - | 3.00 (±1.69) n = 57 |
9 | Oral administration voluntary (oa-v) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
10 | Administration–subcutaneous neck (sc-n) | 2.00 (±1.28) n = 53 | - | - | - | - | 2.00 (±1.28) n = 53 |
11 | Administration–subcutaneous-flank (sc-f) | 3.00 (±1.34) n = 49 | - | - | - | - | 3.00 (±1.34) n = 49 |
12 | Administration–intramuscular (im) | 3.00 (±1.25) n = 58 | - | - | - | - | 3.00 (±1.25) n = 58 |
13 | Administration–intraperitoneal (ip) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
14 | Administration–dorsal penis vein (iv-dp) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
15 | Administration–lateral tail vein (iv-tv) | 2.00 (±1.22) n = 323 | 2.00 (±1.07) n = 65 | 2.00 (±1.28) n = 78 | 2.00 (±1.40) n = 49 | 2.00 (±0.90) n = 72 | 2.00 (±1.39) n = 59 |
16 | Blood sample–sublingual vein (bs-slv) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
17 | Blood sample–orbital sinus (bs-os) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
18 | Blood sample–saphenous vein (bs-sv) | 5.00 (±1.76) n = 42 | - | - | 5.00 (±1.76) n = 42 | - | - |
19 | Blood sample–lateral tail veins (bs-tv) | 2.00 (±1.26) n = 321 | 2.00 (±1.11) n = 64 | 3.00 (±1.42) n =75 | 2.00 (±1.29) n = 50 | 2.00 (±0.96) n = 72 | 2.00 (±1.32) n = 60 |
20 | Blood sample–heart (bs-h) | 6.00 (±1.58) n = 45 | - | - | 6.00 (±1.58) n = 45 | - | - |
21 | Absolute number of responses for material-based difficulties | og (n = 69) r1 (n = 65) bs-tv (n = 62) | bs-tv (n = 14) iv-tv (n = 8) og (n = 8) | og (n = 33) bs-tv (n = 27) iv-tv (n = 13) | bs-h (n = 23) bs-sv (n = 15) r1 (n = 14) | r1 (n = 33) bs-tv (n = 11) iv-tv (n = 7) | og (n = 23) r1 (n = 15) im (n = 7) |
Group of Participants | ALL | A | B | C | D | E | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N) | N = 332 | N = 65 | N = 78 | N = 53 | N = 73 | N = 63 | |
1 | Handling and routine procedures | Median value (Standard Deviation σ) Absolute number of responses (n) | |||||
2 | Handling (h) | 2.00 (±0.96) n = 318 | 2.00 (±1.13) n = 64 | 2.00 (±0.84) n = 72 | 2.00 (±0.98) n = 51 | 2.00 (±0.91) n = 71 | 2.00 (±0.97) n = 60 |
3 | Restraint–scruffing (r1) | 2.00 (±1.21) n = 301 | 2.00 (±1.10) n = 59 | 2.00 (±1.17) n = 70 | 3.00 (±1.26) n = 48 | 2.50 (±1.37) n = 68 | 2.50 (±1.14) n = 56 |
4 | Restraint–over the shoulder grip (r2) | 2.00 (±1.08) n = 288 | 2.00 (±1.15) n = 55 | 2.00 (±0.97) n = 67 | 2.00 (±1.12) n = 47 | 2.00 (±1.11) n = 64 | 2.00 (±1.12) n = 55 |
5 | Restraint–middle shoulder grip (r3) | 2.00 (±1.07) n = 253 | 2.00 (±1.15) n = 53 | 2.00 (±0.96) n = 60 | 2.00 (±1.04) n = 41 | 2.00 (±1.06) n = 55 | 2.00 (±1.19) n = 44 |
6 | Restraint–under the shoulder grip (r4) | 2.00 (±1.10) n = 251 | 2.00 (±1.14) n = 52 | 2.00 (±1.05) n = 60 | 3.00(±1.05) n = 41 | 2.00 (±1.10) n = 54 | 2.00 (±1.20) n = 44 |
7 | Ear punch (ep) | 2.00 (±1.08) n = 102 | 2.00 (±1.38) n = 24 | 2.00 (±1.12) n = 23 | 2.00(±0.91) n = 16 | 2.00 (±0.79) n = 20 | 1.00 (±0.70) n = 19 |
8 | Oral application voluntary (ov) | 2.00 (±1.22) n = 61 | 2.50 (±0.89) n = 8 | 2.00 (±1.02) n = 16 | 2.00 (±1.50) n = 9 | 2.00 (±1.46) n = 18 | 1.50 (±0.82) n = 10 |
9 | Oral gavage (og) | 2.00 (±1.08) n = 161 | 2.00 (±1.13) n = 40 | 2.00 (±0.93) n = 35 | 2.00(±1.10) n = 18 | 3.00 (±0.93) n = 37 | 2.00 (±1.35) n = 31 |
10 | Administration–subcutaneous neck (sc-n) | 2.00 (±0.90) n = 225 | 2.00 (±0.84) n = 40 | 2.00 (±0.78) n = 51 | 2.00 (±1.07) n = 37 | 2.00 (±0.97) n = 51 | 2.00 (±0.85) n = 46 |
11 | Administration–subcutaneous flank (sc-f) | 2.00 (±0.90) n = 193 | 2.00 (±0.88) n = 33 | 2.00 (±0.89) n = 40 | 2.00 (±0.98) n = 32 | 2.00 (±0.93) n = 47 | 2.00 (±0.87) n = 41 |
12 | Administration–intramuscular (im) | 2.00 (±0.91) n = 153 | 2.00 (±0.79) n = 31 | 2.00 (±0.84) n = 35 | 2.00 (±1.28) n = 18 | 2.00 (±1.00) n = 36 | 2.00 (±0.75) n = 33 |
13 | Administration–intraperitoneal (ip) | 2.00 (±0.83) n = 276 | 2.00 (±0.82) n = 59 | 2.00 (±0.80) n = 60 | 2.00 (±0.82) n = 41 | 2.00 (±0.89) n = 62 | 2.00 (±0.81) n = 54 |
14 | Administration–dorsal penis vein (iv-dp) | 2.00 (±2.04) n = 42 | 3.00 (±0.49) n = 7 | 2.00 (±3.72) n = 10 | 2.00 (±1.27) n = 7 | 2.00 (±1.25) n = 13 | 2.00 (±1.14) n = 5 |
15 | Administration–lateral tail veins (iv-tv) | 2.00 (±1.29) n = 215 | 3.00 (±1.37) n = 47 | 2.00 (±1.17) n = 50 | 2.50 (±1.41) n = 30 | 3.00 (±1.31) n = 49 | 2.00 (±1.19) n = 39 |
16 | Blood sample–sublingual vein (bs-slv) | 2.00 (±1.08) n = 82 | 2.50 (±1.03) n = 16 | 2.00 (±0.89) n = 20 | 2.00 (±1.29) n = 11 | 2.50 (±1.31) n = 20 | 3.00 (±0.96) n = 15 |
17 | Blood sample–orbital sinus (bs -os) | 3.00 (±1.37) n = 94 | 3.00 (±1.26) n = 17 | 3.00 (±1.22) n = 20 | 3.00 (±1.44) n = 15 | 4.00 (±1.68) n = 23 | 3.00 (±1.00) n = 19 |
18 | Blood sample–saphenous vein (bs-sv) | 2.00 (±1.22) n = 135 | 2.00 (±0.89) n = 30 | 2.00 (±1.39) n = 26 | 2.00 (±1.21) n = 21 | 2.00 (±1.35) n = 29 | 3.00 (±1.27) n = 29 |
19 | Blood sample–lateral tail veins (bs-tv) | 3.00 (±1.30) n = 250 | 3.00 (±1.27) n = 47 | 2.00 (±1.39) n = 61 | 2.00 (±1.39) n = 38 | 3.00 (±1.28) n = 52 | 3.00 (±1.17) n = 52 |
20 | Blood sample–heart (bs-h) | 2.00 (±1.18) n = 213 | 2.00 (±1.30) n = 46 | 2.00 (±1.30) n = 46 | 2.00 (±1.17) n = 31 | 2.00 (±1.24) n = 47 | 2.00 (±0.88) n = 43 |
21 | Absolute number of responses for most demanding techniques on live rats | bs-tv = 110 bs-h = 99 og = 86 | bs-tv = 24 bs-h = 22 og = 19 | bs–tv = 27 bs-h = 26 og = 20 | bs-tv = 16 og = 13 bs-sv = 13 bs-h = 11 | bs-h = 22 og = 21 bs-tv = 19 | bs-tv = 23 r1 = 18 bs-h = 17 |
Group of Participants | ALL | A | B | C | D | E | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N) | N = 332 | N = 65 | N = 78 | N = 53 | N = 73 | N = 63 | |
1 | Handling und routine procedures | Median value (Standard Deviation σ) Absolute number of responses (n) | |||||
2 | Handling (h) | 3.00 (±1.30) n = 308 | 3.00 (±1.15) n = 61 | 3.00 (±1.12) n = 70 | 4.00 (±1.49) n = 52 | 3.00 (±1.34) n = 67 | 3.00 (±1.37) n = 58 |
3 | Restraint–scruffing (r1) | 3.00 (±1.38) n = 312 | 3.00 (±1.06) n = 62 | 3.00 (±1.07) n = 74 | 4.00 (±1.66) n = 52 | 5.00 (±1.44) n = 67 | 3.00 (±1.35) n = 57 |
4 | Restraint–over the shoulder grip (r2) | 3.00 (±1.20) n = 299 | 3.00 (±0.98) n = 59 | 3.00 (±1.02) n = 70 | 3.00 (±1.34) n = 49 | 3.00 (±1.35) n = 65 | 3.00 (±1.20) n = 56 |
5 | Restraint–middle shoulder grip (r3) | 3.00 (±1.19) n = 270 | 3.00 (±1.04) n = 57 | 3.00 (±1.07) n = 62 | 3.00 (±1.22) n = 44 | 3.00 (±1.39) n = 60 | 3.00 (±1.12) n = 47 |
6 | Restraint–under the shoulder grip (r4) | 3.00 (±1.22) n = 269 | 3.00 (±1.08) n = 56 | 3.00 (±1.08) n = 63 | 3.00 (±1.40) n = 44 | 3.00 (±1.37) n = 60 | 3.00 (±1.13) n = 46 |
7 | Ear punch (ep) | 2.00 (±1.24) n = 42 | - | - | - | 2.00 (±1.24) n = 42 | - |
8 | Oral application voluntary (ov) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
9 | Oral gavage (og) | 3.00 (±1.40) n = 137 | 3.00 (±0.98) n = 50 | 3.00 (±1.38) n = 50 | - | - | 4.00 (±1.75) n = 37 |
10 | Administration–subcutaneous neck (sc-n) | 3.00 (±1.35) n = 48 | - | - | - | - | 3.00 (±1.35) n = 48 |
11 | Administration–subcutaneous flank (sc-f) | 3.00 (±1.26) n = 41 | - | - | - | - | 3.00 (±1.26) n = 41 |
12 | Administration–intramuscular (im) | 3.00 (±1.40) n = 35 | - | - | - | - | 3.00 (±1.40) n = 35 |
13 | Administration–intraperitoneal (ip) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
14 | Administration–dorsal penis vein (iv- dp) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
15 | Administration–lateral tail veins (iv-tv) | 3.00 (±1.21) n = 275 | 2.50 (±1.00) n = 56 | 3.00 (±1.10) n = 69 | 3.00 (±1.50) n = 41 | 3.00 (±1.18) n = 63 | 3.00 (±1.37) n = 46 |
15 | Blood sample–sublingual vein (bs-slv) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
17 | Blood sample–orbital sinus (bs-os) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
18 | Blood sample–saphenous vein (bs-sv) | 4.00 (±1.62) n = 32 | - | - | 4.00 (±1.62) n = 32 | - | - |
19 | Blood sample–lateral tail veins (bs-tv) | 3.00 (±1.25) n = 284 | 2.00 (±1.01) n = 59 | 3.00 (±1.24) n = 68 | 3.00 (±1.51) n = 44 | 3.00 (±1.16) n = 62 | 3.00 (±1.39) n = 51 |
20 | Blood sample–heart (bs-h) | 4.00 (±1.59) n = 36 | - | - | 4.00 (±1.59) n = 36 | - | - |
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Humpenöder, M.; Corte, G.M.; Pfützner, M.; Wiegard, M.; Merle, R.; Hohlbaum, K.; Erickson, N.A.; Plendl, J.; Thöne-Reineke, C. Alternatives in Education—Evaluation of Rat Simulators in Laboratory Animal Training Courses from Participants’ Perspective. Animals 2021, 11, 3462. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11123462
Humpenöder M, Corte GM, Pfützner M, Wiegard M, Merle R, Hohlbaum K, Erickson NA, Plendl J, Thöne-Reineke C. Alternatives in Education—Evaluation of Rat Simulators in Laboratory Animal Training Courses from Participants’ Perspective. Animals. 2021; 11(12):3462. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11123462
Chicago/Turabian StyleHumpenöder, Melanie, Giuliano M. Corte, Marcel Pfützner, Mechthild Wiegard, Roswitha Merle, Katharina Hohlbaum, Nancy A. Erickson, Johanna Plendl, and Christa Thöne-Reineke. 2021. "Alternatives in Education—Evaluation of Rat Simulators in Laboratory Animal Training Courses from Participants’ Perspective" Animals 11, no. 12: 3462. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11123462