Bacteriological Quality of Raw Ovine Milk from Different Sheep Farms
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Farms and Animals
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Bacteriological Examination
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Bacteriological Quality of Udder Surface Samples
3.2. Bacteriological Quality of Raw Milk Samples
3.3. Correlations between Major Microbiological Parameters
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Varga, L.; Süle, J.; Nagy, P. Short communication: Survival of the characteristic microbiota in probiotic fermented camel, cow, goat, and sheep milks during refrigerated storage. J. Dairy Sci. 2014, 97, 2039–2044. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cellesi, M.; Correddu, F.; Manca, M.G.; Serdino, J.; Gaspa, G.; Dimauro, C.; Macciotta, N.P.P. Prediction of milk coagulation properties and individual cheese yield in sheep using partial least squares regression. Animals 2019, 9, 663. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Pazzola, M. Coagulation traits of sheep and goat milk. Animals 2019, 9, 540. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hungarian Central Statistical Office. 6.4.1.3. Sheep stock. Available online: http://www.ksh.hu/docs/eng/xstadat/xstadat_infra/e_oma006.html?lang=en (accessed on 6 June 2020).
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAOSTAT: Livestock Primary. Available online: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QL (accessed on 6 June 2020).
- Quigley, L.; O’Sullivan, O.; Stanton, C.; Beresford, T.P.; Ross, R.P.; Fitzgerald, G.F.; Cotter, P.D. The complex microbiota of raw milk. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2013, 37, 664–698. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Varga, L. Nyers Tejek és Funkcionális Savanyú Tejtermékek Bakteriológiája, Higiéniája (Bacteriology and Hygiene of Raw Milks and Functional Cultured Dairy Foods). D.Sc. Dissertation, Széchenyi István University, Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Fotou, K.; Tzora, A.; Voidarou, C.; Alexopoulos, A.; Plessas, E.; Avgeris, I.; Bezirtzoglou, E.; Akrida-Demertzi, K.; Demertzis, P.G. Isolation of microbial pathogens of subclinical mastitis from raw sheep’s milk of Epirus (Greece) and their role in its hygiene. Anaerobe 2011, 17, 315–319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Alexopoulos, A.; Tzatzimakis, G.; Bezirtzoglou, E.; Plessas, S.; Stavropoulou, E.; Sinapis, E.; Abas, Z. Microbiological quality and related factors of sheep milk produced in farms of NE Greece. Anaerobe 2011, 17, 276–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- European Parliament; Council of the European Union. Regulation (EC) No. 853/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 laying down specific hygiene rules for food of animal origin. Off. J. Eur. Union 2004, L139, 55–205. [Google Scholar]
- Klimešová, M.; Tomáška, M.; Hofericová, M.; Hanuš, O.; Vorlová, L.; Nejeschlebová, L.; Nejeschlebová, H.; Hasoňová, L.; Kopecký, J.; Vondrušková, E. Seasonal dynamics and possible development of total count of microorganisms in sheep’s milk. Acta Vet. Brno 2016, 85, 157–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Verraes, C.; Claeys, W.; Cardoen, S.; Daube, G.; De Zutter, L.; Imberechts, H.; Dierick, K.; Herman, L. A review of the microbiological hazards of raw milk from animal species other than cows. Int. Dairy J. 2014, 39, 121–130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Muehlherr, J.E.; Zweifel, C.; Corti, S.; Blanco, J.E.; Stephan, R. Microbiological quality of raw goat’s and ewe’s bulk-tank milk in Switzerland. J. Dairy Sci. 2003, 86, 3849–3856. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Scientific opinion of the EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) on the public health risks related to the consumption of raw drinking milk. EFSA J. 2015, 13, 3940. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kukovics, S.; Németh, T.; Ábrahám, M.; Orbán, G. A juh- és a kecsketej minősége (Quality of ovine and caprine milk). In A Tej Szerepe a Humán Táplálkozásban (Role of Milk in Human Nutrition); Kukovics, S., Ed.; Melánia Kiadó: Budapest, Hungary, 2009; pp. 401–416. [Google Scholar]
- Hungarian Sheep and Goat Breeders’ Association. Juh teljesítményvizsgálati Kódex, 9. Kiadás (Sheep Performance Testing Codex, 9th Edition). Available online: https://mjksz.hu/sites/default/files/pdf/juhteljesitmenyvizsgalatikodex2013_0.pdf (accessed on 6 June 2020).
- International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR). Section 16—Guidelines for Performance and Recording in Dairy Sheep and Dairy Goats—Version February 2018. Available online: https://www.icar.org/Guidelines/16-Dairy-Sheep-and-Goats.pdf (accessed on 6 June 2020).
- International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Microbiology of the Food Chain—Preparation of Test Samples, Initial Suspension and Decimal Dilutions for Microbiological Examination—Part 1: General Rules for the Preparation of the Initial Suspension and Decimal Dilutions; International Standard ISO 6887-1:2017; ISO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Microbiology of the Food Chain—Horizontal Method for the Enumeration of Microorganisms—Part 1: Colony Count at 30 °C by the Pour Plate Technique; International Standard ISO 4833-1:2013; ISO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Microbiology of the Food Chain—Horizontal Method for the Detection and Enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae—Part 2: Colony-Count Technique; International Standard ISO 21528-2:2017; ISO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Microbiology of Food and Animal Feeding Stuffs—Horizontal Method for the Enumeration of Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci (Staphylococcus Aureus and Other Species)—Part 1: Technique Using Baird-Parker Agar Medium; International Standard EN ISO 6888-1:1999; ISO: Geneva, Switzerland, 1999. [Google Scholar]
- International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0; IBM: Armonk, NY, USA, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Bytyqi, H.; Mehmeti, H.; Vehapi, I.; Rrustemaj, F.; Mehmeti, I. Effect of bacterial content and somatic cell count on sheep milk quality in Kosovo. Food Nutr. Sci. 2013, 4, 414–419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Michel, V.; Hauwuy, A.; Chamba, J.F. Gestion de la flore microbienne des laits crus par les pratiques des producteurs (Raw milk microbial composition: Differences in links with microbial practices). Renc. Rech. Rumin. 2006, 13, 309–312. [Google Scholar]
- Ombarak, R.A.; Elbagory, A.M. Bacteriological quality and occurrence of some microbial pathogens in goat’s and ewe’s milk in Egypt. Int. Food Res. J. 2017, 24, 847–851. [Google Scholar]
- De Garnica, M.L.; Santos, J.A.; Gonzalo, C. Short communication: Influence of storage and preservation on microbiological quality of silo ovine milk. J. Dairy Sci. 2011, 94, 1922–1927. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zweifel, C.; Muehlherr, J.E.; Ring, M.; Stephan, R. Influence of different factors in milk production on standard plate count of raw small ruminant’s bulk-tank milk in Switzerland. Small Rumin. Res. 2005, 58, 63–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pantoja, J.C.F.; Reinemann, D.J.; Ruegg, P.L. Associations among milk quality indicators in raw bulk milk. J. Dairy Sci. 2009, 92, 4978–4987. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gonzalo, C.; Carriedo, J.A.; García-Jimeno, M.C.; Pérez-Bilbao, M.; de la Fuente, L.F. Factors influencing variation of bulk milk antibiotic residue occurrence, somatic cell count, and total bacterial count in dairy sheep flocks. J. Dairy Sci. 2010, 93, 1587–1595. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
Farm | Sheep Breed Kept on Farm | Method of Milking | Grazing | Housing | Pre-Milking or Post-Milking Disinfection |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | Merino, Tsigai, and Dorper | No milking | No | Deep litter | No |
F2 | Lacaune | Milking parlor | Yes | Deep litter | Pre-milking disinfection |
F3 | Lacaune | Hand milking | Yes | Deep litter | No |
F4 | British Milk Sheep | Milking parlor | Yes | Deep litter | No |
Farm | Animal Sampled | Udder Surface Sample | Individual Raw Milk Sample | Bulk Tank Milk Sample |
---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | 14 * | 42 | 42 | 0 ** |
F2 | 5 | 15 | 15 | 6 |
F3 | 5 | 10 | 10 | 3 |
F4 | 5 | 10 | 10 | 1 |
Total | 29 | 77 | 77 | 10 |
Microorganism Enumerated | Method | Reference |
---|---|---|
Mesophilic microorganisms (bacteria) | ISO 4833-1:2013 | [19] |
Enterobacteriaceae | ISO 21528-2:2017 | [20] |
Staphylococcus aureus | EN ISO 6888-1:1999 | [21] |
Farm | Bacteriological Parameter Tested * | ||
---|---|---|---|
MBC | EBC | SAC | |
F1 (n = 42) | 2.7 ± 1.0 a | 1.5 ± 0.8 a | ND |
F2 (n = 15) | 2.5 ± 0.7 ab | 1.0 ± 0.5 ab | ND |
F3 (n = 10) | 2.2 ± 0.5 b | 1.0 ± 0.1 ab | ND |
F4 (n = 10) | 2.4 ± 0.4 ab | 0.5 ± 0.3 b | ND |
Farm | Bacteriological Parameter Tested * | ||
---|---|---|---|
MBC | EBC | SAC | |
F1 (n = 42) | 3.2 ± 1.1 a | 1.1 ± 0.3 b | ND |
F2 (n = 15) | 3.3 ± 1.0 a | 2.3 ± 0.8 a | ND |
F3 (n = 10) | 3.5 ± 0.9 a | 2.2 ± 0.0 ab | 2.6 ± 0.7 a |
F4 (n = 10) | 1.8 ± 0.4 b | 1.4 ± 0.0 ab | 2.8 ± 0.3 a |
Farm | Breed of Sheep | Bacteriological Parameter Tested * | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
MBC | EBC | SAC | ||
F2 (n = 6) | Lacaune | 7.4 ± 0.6 a | 5.1 ± 0.9 a | ND |
F3 (n = 3) | Lacaune | 6.3 ± 0.4 a | 5.6 ± 0.9 a | 3.4 ± 0.6 |
F4 (n = 1) | British Milk Sheep | 5.2 | 3.9 | ND |
Origin of Sample | Parameter Tested | Merino | Tsigai | Dorper | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018 (n = 6) | 2019 (n = 6) | 2018 (n = 12) | 2019 (n = 6) | 2018 (n = 6) | 2019 (n = 6) | ||
Udder surface (log10 CFU/cm2) * | MBC | 3.8 ± 0.5 a | 1.9 ± 0.4 b | 4.0 ± 0.7 a | 2.1 ± 0.5 b | 3.5 ± 0.7 a | 2.0 ± 0.3 b |
EBC | 1.1 ± 0.2 a | 0.9 ± 0.3 a | 2.2 ± 0.9 a | 0.2 ± 0.1 b | 1.7 ± 0.2 | ND | |
SAC | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
Individual raw milk (log10 CFU/mL) * | MBC | 3.6 ± 1.3 a | 2.3 ± 0.8 b | 3.8 ± 1.1 a | 3.2 ± 1.2 b | 3.3 ± 0.9 a | 3.3 ± 0.5 a |
EBC | ND | 1.0 ± 0.3 | ND | ND | ND | 1.4 ± 0.0 | |
SAC | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Parameter | MBCIRM | MBCUS | EBCIRM | EBCUS |
---|---|---|---|---|
MBCIRM | 1 | 0.18 | 0.29 * | 0.02 |
MBCUS | 0.18 | 1 | 0.27 * | 0.32 ** |
EBCIRM | 0.29 * | 0.27 * | 1 | 0.56 ** |
EBCUS | 0.02 | 0.32 ** | 0.56 ** | 1 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Tonamo, A.; Komlósi, I.; Varga, L.; Czeglédi, L.; Peles, F. Bacteriological Quality of Raw Ovine Milk from Different Sheep Farms. Animals 2020, 10, 1163. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10071163
Tonamo A, Komlósi I, Varga L, Czeglédi L, Peles F. Bacteriological Quality of Raw Ovine Milk from Different Sheep Farms. Animals. 2020; 10(7):1163. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10071163
Chicago/Turabian StyleTonamo, Andualem, István Komlósi, László Varga, Levente Czeglédi, and Ferenc Peles. 2020. "Bacteriological Quality of Raw Ovine Milk from Different Sheep Farms" Animals 10, no. 7: 1163. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10071163
APA StyleTonamo, A., Komlósi, I., Varga, L., Czeglédi, L., & Peles, F. (2020). Bacteriological Quality of Raw Ovine Milk from Different Sheep Farms. Animals, 10(7), 1163. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10071163