Farm Animal Welfare Science in China—A Bibliometric Review of Chinese Literature
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Literature Search Strategy
2.2. Data Extraction and Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Applications and Limitations
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Lu, J.; Bayne, K.; Wang, J. Current status of animal welfare and animal rights in China. Altern. Lab. Anim. 2013, 41, 351–357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Central Intelligency Agency. The World Factbook: China. 2018. Available online: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html (accessed on 1 December 2019).
- FAO. Strong Commitment Towards Higher Animal Welfare in China. Animal Production and Health. 2017. Available online: http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/home/en/news_archive/Strong_commitment_towards_higher_aw_China.html (accessed on 1 December 2018).
- Sinclair, M.; Phillips, C.J.C. The Cross-Cultural Importance of Animal Protection and Other World Social Issues. J. Agric. Environ. Ethics 2017, 30, 439–455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sinclair, M.; Fryer, C.; Phillips, C.J.C. The Benefits of Improving Animal Welfare from the Perspective of Livestock Stakeholders across Asia. Animals 2019, 9, 123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Xu, K. Promote animal welfare protection and facilitate the establishment of global ecological civilization. In Proceedings of the 3rd World Farm Animal Welfare Conference 2019, Qingdao, China, 19–20 September 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Huide, Y. Swine Welfare: Panel Discussion. In Proceedings of the 3rd World Farm Animal Welfare Conference 2019, Qingdao, China, 19–20 September 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Lui, Y. Promote traceability upgrading of agriculture and animal husbandry with quality e-commerce. In Proceedings of the 3rd World Farm Animal Welfare Conference 2019, Qingdao, China, 19–20 September 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, X. Swine Welfare: Panel Discussion. In Proceedings of the 3rd World Farm Animal Welfare Conference 2019, Qingdao, China, 19–20 September 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Bai, S. The important role of animal welfare in brand building of enterprises in whole industry chain. In Proceedings of the 3rd World Farm Animal Welfare Conference 2019, Qingdao, China, 19–20 September 2019. [Google Scholar]
- International Cooperation Committee of Animal Welfare. About Us: Introduction. 2019. Available online: http://www.iccaw.org.cn/plus/list.php?tid=71 (accessed on 1 February 2019).
- Sinclair, M.; Phillips, C.J.C. Key Tenets of Operational Success in International Animal Welfare Initiatives. Animals 2018, 8, 92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Wang, F.F.; Wang, M.; Xu, F.R.; Liang, D.M.; Pan, B.L. Survey of prevalence and control of ectoparasites in caged poultry in China. Vet. Rec. 2010, 167, 934–937. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, P.J. Exponential growth, animal welfare, environmental and food safety impact: The case of China’s livestock production. J. Agric. Environ. Ethics 2009, 22, 217–240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Zhang, Z. Problems and Countermeasures of Piglet Welfare in China’s pig farms. J. Anim. Ecol. 2017, 38, 83–86. [Google Scholar]
- Pingali, P.; Khwaja, Y.; Meijer, M. Commercializing Small Farms: Reducing Transaction Cost; Agricultural and Development Economics Division: Rome, Italy, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Zhangyue, Z.; Tian, W.; Wang, J.; Liu, H.; Cao, L. Food Consumption: Trends in China; Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry: Canberra, Australia, 2012.
- OECD Data. Meat Consumption; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: Paris, France, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- FAO. Overview of Global Meat Market Developments in 2018. Meat Market Review. Available online: http://www.fao.org/3/ca3880en/ca3880en.pdf (accessed on 1 December 2019).
- FAOSTAT Data: China. 2017. Available online: http://www.fao.org/ (accessed on 1 March 2019).
- Sinclair, M.; Phillips, C.J.C. International livestock leaders’ perceptions of the importance of, and solutions for, animal welfare issues. Animals 2019, 9, 319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Xi, C.; Zhang, P. Farm animal welfare development and welfare friendly production system exploration in China. In Proceedings of the World Conference of Farm Animal Welfare 2017, Hangzhou, China, 12–13 October 2017. [Google Scholar]
- PEW Research Centre. Opinion of China. Global Indicators Database. 2018. Available online: https://www.pewresearch.org/global/database/indicator/24/ (accessed on 1 December 2019).
- Jensen, P.; Von Borell, E.; Broom, D.M.; Csermely, D.; Edwards, S.S.; Dijkhuisen, A.A.; Hylekema, S.; Madec, F.; Stamataris, C. The Welfare of Intensively Kept Pigs; Technical Report of the Scientific Veterinary Committee No. XXIV/B3/ScVC/0005/1997; Commission of the European Union: Brussels, Belgium, 1997. [Google Scholar]
- Montgomery, S.L. Does Science Need a Global Language? English and the Future of Research; University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Mongeon, P.; Paul-Hus, A. The journal coverage of Web of Science and Scopus: A comparative analysis. Scientometrics 2016, 106, 213–228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amano, T.; González-Varo, J.P.; Sutherland, W.J. Languages Are Still a Major Barrier to Global Science. PLoS Biol. 2016, 14, e2000933. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Edmeades, G.; Fischer, R.A.; Byerlee, D. Can we feed the world in 2050? N. Z. Grassl. Assoc. Proc. 2010, 72, 35–42. [Google Scholar]
- Bradford, G.E. Contributions of animal agriculture to meeting global human food demand. Livest. Prod. Sci. 1999, 59, 95–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mench, J.A.; Sumner, D.A.; Rosen-Molina, J.T. Sustainability of egg production in the United States—The policy and market context. Poul. Sci. 2011, 90, 229–240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boogaard, B.K.; Boekhorst, L.J.S.; Oosting, S.J.; Sørensen, J.T. Socio-cultural sustainability of pig production: Citizen perceptions in the Netherlands and Denmark. Livest. Sci. 2011, 140, 189–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Webster, J. Animal Welfare: Limping Towards Eden; Wiley-Blackwell: Chichester, UK, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Mellor, D.J. Updating animal welfare thinking: Moving beyond the “five freedoms” towards “a life worth living”. Animals 2016, 6, 21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- National Research Council. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry 1994; NRC: Washington, DC, USA, 1994. [Google Scholar]
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Changes to Approved NADAS-New NADAS vs. Category II Supplemental Nadas: Guidance for Industry 191; FDA: White Oak, MA, USA, 2015.
- Compassion in World Farming (CIWF). The Life of Pigs. 2019. Available online: https://www.ciwf.org.uk/media/5235118/The-life-of-Pigs.pdf (accessed on 21 March 2019).
- Westbury, H.R.; Neumann, D.L. Empathy-related responses to moving film stimuli depicting human and non-human animal targets in negative circumstances. Biol. Psychol. 2008, 78, 66–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Ding, Y.G. 高床发酵床养殖模式是养殖业污染治理与减排的重要模式. Chin. J. Tradit. Vet. Sci. 2015, 9, 134. [Google Scholar]
- Shi, T. Ecological agriculture in China: Bridging the gap between rhetoric and practice of sustainability. Ecol. Econ. 2002, 42, 359–368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brickett, K.E.; Dahiya, J.P.; Classes, H.; Gomis, S. Influence of dietary nutrient density, feed form, and lighting on growth and meat yield of broiler chickens. Poul. Sci. 2007, 86, 2172–2181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, A.Y.; Van Katwyk, S.R.; Hoffman, S.J. Probing popular and political discourse on antimicrobial resistance in China. Glob. Health Res. Policy 2019, 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- International Pig Improvement Company. African Swine Fever: An Update from the Other Side of the World; IPIC: Nantwich, UK, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Spindler, A.A.; Schultz, J.D. Comparison of dietary variety and ethnic food consumption among Chinese, Chinese-American, and white American women. Agr. Hum. Val. 1996, 13, 64–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- D’Eath, R.B.; Turner, S.P.; Kurt, E.; Evans, G.; Thölking, L.; Looft, H.; Wimmers, K.; Murani, E.; Klont, R.; Foury, A.; et al. Pigs’ aggressive temperament affects pre-slaughter mixing aggression, stress and meat quality. Animals 2010, 4, 604–616. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Sinclair, M.; Yan, W.; Phillips, C.J.C. Attitudes of Pig and Poultry Industry Stakeholders in Guangdong Province, China, to Animal Welfare and Farming Systems. Animals 2019, 9, 860. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Scientific report of the Scientific Panel for Animal Health and Welfare on a request from the Commission related to welfare of animals during transport 2004. EFSA J. 2004, 1–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Li, X.; Zito, S.J.; Sinclair, M.; Phillips, C.J.C. Perception of animal welfare issues during Chinese transport and slaughter of livestock by a sample of stakeholders in the industry. PLoS ONE 2018, 13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sinclair, M.; Idrus, Z.; Burns, G.L.; Phillips, C.J.C. Livestock Stakeholder Willingness to Embrace Preslaughter Stunning in Key Asian Countries. Animals 2019, 9, 224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Sinclair, M.; Zito, S.J.; Idrus, Z.; Yan, W.; van Nhiem, D.; Na Lampang, P.; Phillips, C.J.C. Attitudes of stakeholders to animal welfare during slaughter and transport in SE and E Asia. Anim. Welf. 2017, 26, 417–425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yamamoto, Y.; Li, J. Quiet in the eye of the beholder: Teacher perceptions of Asian immigrant children. In The Impact of Immigration on Children’s Development; Karger Publishers: Basel, Switzerland, 2012; pp. 1–16. [Google Scholar]
- House, R.J.; Dorfman, P.W.; Javidan, M.; Hanges, P.; de Luque, M.S. Strategic Leadership across Cultures: Globe Study of CEO Leadership Behavior and Effectiveness in 24 Countries; Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Nielsen, B.L.; Zhao, R. Farm animal welfare across borders: A vision for the future. Anim. Front. 2012, 2, 46–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
# | Primary Category of Publication | Subcategory |
---|---|---|
1 | Freedom from hunger, thirst and malnutrition | Feed/diet/nutrition |
Water | ||
2 | Freedom from discomfort and exposure | Environment impact and control |
Integrated rearing management | ||
3 | Freedom from pain, injury and disease | Pain |
Injury or disease | ||
Prevention and control | ||
4 | Freedom to express normal behavior | Non-experimental article on behavior |
Technology for behavior monitoring or analysis | ||
Behavior research | ||
5 | Freedom from fear and distress | Non-experimental article on psychological welfare |
Measurement of fear responses | ||
6 | Welfare assessment & indicators | Welfare assessment |
Welfare indicators | ||
7 | Welfare during loading, unloading, transport or slaughter | Non-experimental article on welfare during loading, unloading, transport or slaughter |
Welfare during loading or unloading | ||
Welfare during transport | ||
Welfare during slaughter | ||
8 | Public or farmers’ knowledge or attitudes towards pig welfare | Knowledge or attitude of pig farmers and farm staff |
Knowledge or attitude of consumers | ||
Knowledge or attitude of public | ||
9 | Non-experimental article on welfare | Non-experimental article on welfare |
Non-experimental article on stress impact | ||
10 | Welfare-related genetics and breeding | Genetic improvement and breeding |
Genetic research |
Primary Category | N | Primary Subcategory | N | Secondary Subcategory | N |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Freedom from hunger, thirst and malnutrition | 58 | Feed/diet/nutrition | 53 | Functional feeds or ingredients, including feed additives | 22 |
Feeding strategies | 6 | ||||
Green feed | 6 | ||||
Low-protein diet | 3 | ||||
Mineral nutrition | 3 | ||||
Nutritional management | 3 | ||||
Water | 5 | ||||
2. Freedom from discomfort and exposure | 241 | Integrated management | 156 | Pig rearing method (incl. use of fermented bedding (45)) | 64 |
Feeding and management of pigs | 31 | ||||
Monitoring systems | 18 | ||||
Stocking density or space allowance | 10 | ||||
Tail docking | 8 | ||||
International systems | 7 | ||||
Teeth clipping | 6 | ||||
Artificial insemination | 5 | ||||
Castration | 5 | ||||
Group size | 4 | ||||
Mixing groups | 4 | ||||
Weaning piglet management | 4 | ||||
Pre-weaning piglet management | 3 | ||||
Environmental management and control | 142 | Bedding (incl. fermented bedding (45)) | 46 | ||
Environmental enrichment | 34 | ||||
Design of pig house and rearing facility | 23 | ||||
Environmental assessment | 18 | ||||
Environmental control | 12 | ||||
Floor type | 7 | ||||
Temperature, humidity | 7 | ||||
Ventilation and air quality | 9 | ||||
Non-experimental article on environmental impact and control | 4 | ||||
Lighting | 3 | ||||
3. Freedom from pain, injury and disease | 123 | Injury or disease | 76 | Body injury (incl. skin lesions (22) and tail injury (9)) | 25 |
Lameness, limb-and-hoof disease or injury | 17 | ||||
Piglet diarrhea | 9 | ||||
Respiratory or lung disease/damage | 8 | ||||
Hernia | 6 | ||||
Incidence rate of diseases | 6 | ||||
Arthritis | 4 | ||||
Classical Swine Fever | 4 | ||||
Gastric diseases | 3 | ||||
Hemophilus parasuis | 3 | ||||
Neurological disorder | 3 | ||||
Non-experimental article on disease | 3 | ||||
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome | 3 | ||||
Prevention and control | 73 | Immunity (incl. indicators of immune response (41)) | 48 | ||
Specific disease detection technology and treatment | 11 | ||||
Non-experimental article on causes of diseases, prevention, control | 8 | ||||
Medicine | 6 | ||||
Pain | 3 | ||||
4. Freedom to express normal behavior | 85 | Behavior research | 73 | Lying | 39 |
Standing | 35 | ||||
Sitting | 27 | ||||
Aggressive behavior | 26 | ||||
Drinking | 25 | ||||
Biting behavior (incl. tail (13), ear (5), bar (8), trough biting (2)) | 23 | ||||
Feeding | 20 | ||||
Elimination | 18 | ||||
Exploratory behavior | 18 | ||||
Abnormal behavior (incl. sham chewing (15)) | 18 | ||||
Social behavior (incl. positive and negative social behavior) | 11 | ||||
Walking | 11 | ||||
Huddling | 10 | ||||
Playing | 10 | ||||
Manipulating behavior (with pen, pen mate, straw, toy) | 8 | ||||
Resting | 6 | ||||
Suckling | 6 | ||||
Sleeping | 5 | ||||
Vocalizing | 5 | ||||
Object licking | 4 | ||||
Nursing behavior | 4 | ||||
Rooting | 4 | ||||
Rubbing | 4 | ||||
Sow posture change | 4 | ||||
Maternal infanticide | 3 | ||||
Nest-building | 3 | ||||
Tongue rolling/playing | 3 | ||||
Technology for behavior monitoring or analysis | 10 | ||||
Non-experimental article on behavior | 7 | ||||
5. Freedom from fear and distress | 2 | Measurement of fear response | 1 | ||
Non-experimental article on psychological welfare | 1 | ||||
6. Welfare assessment & indicators | 16 | Welfare indicators | 10 | Biomarkers | 3 |
Welfare assessment | 7 | ||||
7. Welfare during loading, unloading, transport or slaughter | 27 | Welfare during slaughter | 13 | Slaughter with or without stunning | 8 |
Pre-slaughter impact and strategy for reducing stress | 5 | ||||
Welfare during transport | 12 | Impact of transport stress and strategy for reducing stress | 9 | ||
Specific transport stressor | 3 | ||||
Non-experimental article on welfare during loading, unloading, transport or slaughter | 2 | ||||
Welfare during loading or unloading | 1 | ||||
8. Public or farmers’ knowledge or attitude on pig welfare | 10 | Knowledge or attitude of pig farmers and farm staffs | 6 | ||
Knowledge or attitude of consumers | 3 | ||||
Knowledge or attitude of public | 1 | ||||
9. Non-experimental article on welfare | 79 | Non-experimental article on welfare | 59 | ||
Non-experimental article on welfare related strategy, technology, facility and equipment | 18 | ||||
Non-experimental article on stress impact | 3 | ||||
10. Welfare related genetic and breeding | 15 | Genetic improvement and breeding | 6 | Stress resistance | 3 |
Genetic research | 9 | Genome-wide association study linked to diseases | 6 |
Primary Category | N | Primary Subcategory | N | Secondary Subcategory | N |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Freedom from hunger, thirst and malnutrition | 39 | Feed/diet/nutrition | 38 | Feed additives | 17 |
Nutritional management | 12 | ||||
Feeding strategy and management | 7 | ||||
Non-experimental article on feed, diet and nutrition | 4 | ||||
Water | 3 | ||||
2. Freedom from discomfort and exposure | 215 | Environment impact and control | 115 | Environmental enrichment | 33 |
Lighting | 24 | ||||
Temperature, humidity | 23 | ||||
Environmental control | 15 | ||||
Air quality, ventilation and ammonia | 15 | ||||
Non-experimental article on environmental impact and control | 6 | ||||
Bedding | 4 | ||||
Environment assessment | 4 | ||||
Integrated rearing management | 134 | Chicken rearing systems | 69 | ||
Stocking density | 29 | ||||
Equipment and technology for rearing management | 14 | ||||
Rearing management of broilers | 8 | ||||
Breeding mode | 7 | ||||
Beak trimming | 4 | ||||
Rearing management of chicks | 4 | ||||
Rearing management of layers | 3 | ||||
3. Freedom from pain, injury and disease | 129 | Injury or disease | 99 | Feather loss | 36 |
Foot pad injury | 35 | ||||
Lameness and leg disease or injury | 31 | ||||
Feather pecking | 17 | ||||
Feather cleanliness score | 13 | ||||
Fluctuating asymmetry of legs, wings and tibias | 13 | ||||
Breast disease | 10 | ||||
Beak disease or injury | 7 | ||||
Claw condition including toe damage | 6 | ||||
Skin wounds | 5 | ||||
Organ damage | 4 | ||||
Abnormality of the keel | 3 | ||||
Ocular health | 3 | ||||
Skeleton disease or injury | 3 | ||||
Prevention and control | 61 | Immunity (incl. indicators of immune response (44)) | 46 | ||
Non-experimental article on causes of diseases, prevention and control | 7 | ||||
Specific disease detection technology and treatment | 6 | ||||
Biosecurity | 3 | ||||
4. Freedom to express normal behavior | 82 | Behavior research | 80 | Feeding | 43 |
Gait score | 39 | ||||
Drinking | 38 | ||||
Standing | 32 | ||||
Preening | 29 | ||||
Walking | 27 | ||||
Lying | 24 | ||||
Pecking | 23 | ||||
Perching | 17 | ||||
Sand bathing | 16 | ||||
Foraging | 14 | ||||
Tonic immobility | 14 | ||||
Panting | 12 | ||||
Wing flapping | 12 | ||||
Stretching | 10 | ||||
Aggression | 19 | ||||
Resting | 9 | ||||
Shaking | 9 | ||||
Vocalizing | 8 | ||||
Nesting | 7 | ||||
Wing lifting | 7 | ||||
Exploratory activity | 6 | ||||
Scratching | 6 | ||||
Head movement | 5 | ||||
Running | 4 | ||||
Sitting | 4 | ||||
Non-experimental article on behavior | 2 | ||||
5. Freedom from fear and distress | 14 | Measurement of fear response | 14 | ||
6. Welfare assessment and indicators | 21 | Welfare indicators | 16 | Non-experimental article on welfare indicators | 13 |
Welfare assessment | 5 | ||||
7. Welfare during loading, unloading, transport or slaughter | 19 | Welfare during slaughter | 13 | Pre-slaughter impact and strategy for reducing stress | 7 |
Slaughter with stunning | 3 | ||||
Welfare during transport | 8 | Impact of transport stress and strategy for reducing stress | 7 | ||
Specific transport stressor | 4 | ||||
Welfare during loading or unloading | 1 | ||||
8. Public or farmers’ attitude | 3 | Knowledge or attitude of chicken farmers and farm staffs | 2 | ||
Knowledge or attitude of public | 1 | ||||
9. Non-experimental article on welfare | 31 | Non-experimental article on welfare | 28 | ||
Non-experimental article on welfare related strategy, technology, facility and equipment | 3 | ||||
10. Welfare related genetic and breeding | 18 | Genetic improvement and breeding | 12 | Stress resistance | 7 |
Non-experimental article on genetic improvement and breeding | 3 | ||||
Genetic research | 6 | Genome-wide association study linked to diseases | 4 |
Primary Focus Area—Pigs | Chinese→English | Other Language→Chinese | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Freedom from hunger, thirst and malnutrition | 2 | 19 |
2 | Freedom from discomfort and exposure | 23 | 16 |
2a | Environment impact and control | 12 | 4 |
2b | Integrated rearing management | 14 | 12 |
3 | Freedom from pain, injury and disease | 22 | 14 |
4 | Freedom to express normal behavior | 24 | 10 |
5 | Freedom from fear and distress | 1 | 0 |
6 | Welfare assessment and indicators | 4 | 4 |
7 | Welfare during loading, unloading transport or slaughter | 6 | 4 |
7a | Welfare during loading or unloading | 0 | 1 |
7b | Welfare during transport | 4 | 0 |
7c | Welfare during slaughter | 2 | 3 |
8 | Public or farmers’ attitude | 2 | 3 |
9 | Non-experimental article on welfare | 0 | 4 |
9a | Non-experimental article on welfare (subcategory) | 0 | 3 |
9b | Non-experimental article on welfare related strategy, technology, facility and equipment | 0 | 1 |
10 | Welfare related genetics and breeding | 8 | 1 |
Total | 49 | 68 | |
Primary Focus Area—Chickens | Chinese→English | Other Language→Chinese | |
1 | Freedom from hunger, thirst and malnutrition | 8 | 11 |
2 | Freedom from discomfort and exposure | 52 | 18 |
2a | Environment impact and control | 36 | 7 |
2b | Integrated rearing management | 22 | 12 |
3 | Freedom from pain, injury and disease | 41 | 12 |
4 | Freedom to express normal behavior | 21 | 4 |
5 | Freedom from fear and distress | 4 | 1 |
6 | Welfare assessment and indicators | 1 | 3 |
7 | Welfare during loading, unloading transport or slaughter | 3 | 2 |
7a | Welfare during loading or unloading | 0 | 1 |
7b | Welfare during transport | 2 | 1 |
7c | Welfare during slaughter | 2 | 0 |
8 | Public or farmers’ attitude | 2 | 0 |
9 | Non-experimental article on welfare | 0 | 4 |
10 | Welfare related genetics and breeding | 7 | 5 |
Total | 69 | 42 |
Species/System | Age/Stage | Definition | N | % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chickens: Meat production | For breeding | Breeder males and females | 43 | 12.3 |
Starter | 0–3 wks old | 108 | 30.9 | |
Grower | 3–6 wks old | 123 | 35.2 | |
Finisher | 6 – > 8 wks old | 95 | 27.2 | |
Chickens: Egg production | For breeding | Breeder males and females | 32 | 9.2 |
Starter | 0–6 wks old | 42 | 12.0 | |
Grower | 6–12 wks old | 37 | 10.6 | |
Pre-layer | 12–18 wks old | 44 | 12.6 | |
Layer | > 18 wks old | 115 | 32.9 | |
Pigs: Breeding | Boars | Intact males for breeding/slaughter | 121 | 24.0 |
Gilts | Nulliparous females for slaughter/breeding | 82 | 16.2 | |
Sows | Primiparous or multiparous females | 190 | 37.6 | |
Gestating sows | Sows that are pregnant | 164 | 32.5 | |
Farrowing sows | Sows that are farrowing | 94 | 18.6 | |
Lactating sows | Sows that are producing milk for offspring | 146 | 28.9 | |
Dry sows | Non-lactating sows that are gestating, awaiting service or barren | 54 | 10.7 | |
Pigs: Meat production | Nursing pigs | Birth until weaning (at ~3–5 weeks old) | 165 | 32.7 |
Weaners | Weaning until 10 weeks old | 135 | 26.7 | |
Nursery pigs | Weaning until end of nursery phase (~18–32 kg) | 106 | 21.0 | |
Growing pigs | From 18–32 kg until 55–68 kg | 137 | 27.1 | |
Finishing pigs | From 55–68 kg until market weight for slaughter | 202 | 40.0 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Sinclair, M.; Zhang, Y.; Descovich, K.; Phillips, C.J.C. Farm Animal Welfare Science in China—A Bibliometric Review of Chinese Literature. Animals 2020, 10, 540. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10030540
Sinclair M, Zhang Y, Descovich K, Phillips CJC. Farm Animal Welfare Science in China—A Bibliometric Review of Chinese Literature. Animals. 2020; 10(3):540. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10030540
Chicago/Turabian StyleSinclair, Michelle, Yu Zhang, Kris Descovich, and Clive J.C. Phillips. 2020. "Farm Animal Welfare Science in China—A Bibliometric Review of Chinese Literature" Animals 10, no. 3: 540. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10030540