Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Characterization of Multidrug Resistant and ESBL/AmpC Producing Escherichia coli in Healthy Horses in Quebec, Canada, in 2015–2016
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling and Data Collection
2.2. Indicator Collection: Non-enriched Culture, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, ESBL/AmpC Gene Identification, and Prevalence Estimation
2.3. Potential ESBL/AmpC Producing E. coli Collection: Culture, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, ESBL/AmpC and Virulence Gene Identification and Descriptive Statistics
2.4. MDR and ESBL/AmpC: Risk Factors
3. Results
3.1. Indicator Collection
3.2. ESBL/AmpC Collection
3.3. Risk Factors
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Number of Resistant Antimicrobial Classes | Indicator Collection | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Horse Level (n = 209) | Premises Level (n = 32) | |||
% | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | |
≥1 | 80.0 | 69.8–90.2 | 96.9 | 90.5–100 |
≥3 (MDR) | 46.3 | 34.5–58.0 | 81.3 | 67.0–95.5 |
≥5 | 15.3 | 8.5–22.3 | 53.1 | 34.8–71.4 |
≥7 | 3.9 | 1.5–6.2 | 25.0 | 9.1–40.9 |
≥9 | 1.4 | 0–3.2 | 9.4 | 0–20.1 |
Putative Risk Factors | Number of Horses | % of MDR-Positive Horses | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Horse-level | ||||
Transportation out of the horse’s premises within the last 3 months | 0.11 | |||
Yes | 31 | 41.9 | ||
No | 69 | 29.0 | ||
Participation to an equestrian event within the last 3 months | 0.13 | |||
- | Yes | 19 | 57.9 | |
- | No | 92 | 29.3 | |
Housing | 0.28 | |||
- | Stable | 46 | 39.1 | |
- | Pasture 1 | 64 | 29.7 | |
Activity | 0.73 | |||
- | Sport (competition) | 39 | 43.6 | |
- | Leisure | 66 | 30.3 | |
- | Reproduction | 4 | 25.0 | |
The horse presents a chronic disease | 0.47 | |||
- | Yes | 18 | 22.2 | |
- | No | 123 | 39.0 | |
The horse presented an infection (diagnosed by the veterinarian) within the last 3 months | 0.03 | |||
- | Yes | 12 | 75.0 | |
- | No | 124 | 34.7 | |
The horse presented diarrhea within the last 3 months | 0.91 | |||
- | Yes | 5 | 20.0 | |
- | No | 61 | 23.0 | |
The horse was hospitalized within the last 3 months | The model did not converge | |||
- | Yes | 2 | 100 | |
- | No | 137 | 37.2 | |
The horse has undergone surgery within the last 3 months | The model did not converge | |||
- | Yes | 1 | 100 | |
- | No | 137 | 38.0 | |
The horse has been medically treated within the last three months (all treatment considered) | 0.02 | |||
- | Yes | 39 | 53.9 | |
- | No | 94 | 30.9 | |
The horse presented with colic within the last 3 months | 0.81 | |||
- | Yes | 5 | 40 | |
- | No | 131 | 37.4 | |
Premise-level | ||||
Total number of horses in the premises 2 | 0.26 | |||
- | Less than 15 | 101 | 45.5 | |
- | 15 and more | 109 | 48.6 | |
Number of staff taking care of horses daily 3 | 0.01 | |||
- | Less than 5 persons | 68 | 23.5 | |
- | 5 persons and more | 38 | 47.4 |
Risk Factor for the Outcome | Odds Ratios | ||
---|---|---|---|
Estimate | 95% CI | p | |
The horse has participated in an equestrian event within the last three months (yes vs. no) | 3.5 | 1.1, 11.1 | 0.03 |
Number of staff taking care of horses daily (5 persons and more vs. less than 5 persons) | 3.4 | 1.3, 8.7 | 0.01 |
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de Lagarde, M.; Fairbrother, J.M.; Arsenault, J. Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Characterization of Multidrug Resistant and ESBL/AmpC Producing Escherichia coli in Healthy Horses in Quebec, Canada, in 2015–2016. Animals 2020, 10, 523. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10030523
de Lagarde M, Fairbrother JM, Arsenault J. Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Characterization of Multidrug Resistant and ESBL/AmpC Producing Escherichia coli in Healthy Horses in Quebec, Canada, in 2015–2016. Animals. 2020; 10(3):523. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10030523
Chicago/Turabian Stylede Lagarde, Maud, John M. Fairbrother, and Julie Arsenault. 2020. "Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Characterization of Multidrug Resistant and ESBL/AmpC Producing Escherichia coli in Healthy Horses in Quebec, Canada, in 2015–2016" Animals 10, no. 3: 523. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10030523