Effects of Fennel Seed Powder Supplementation on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Meat Quality, and Economic Efficiency of Broilers under Thermoneutral and Chronic Heat Stress Conditions
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Treatments
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Production Performance Measurements
2.2.2. Carcass and Meat Characteristics
2.2.3. pH, Temperature, and Meat Color
2.2.4. Economic Efficiency
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Growth Performance
3.2. Carcass Characteristics
3.3. Meat Quality
3.4. Economic Efficiency
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredients and Composition, g/kg | Fennel, g/kg | ||
---|---|---|---|
0 | 16 | 32 | |
Corn | 621 | 611 | 602 |
Soybean meal, 48% CP | 287 | 283 | 277 |
Gluten Meal | 30.0 | 30.0 | 30.0 |
Fennel seed powder | 0.0 | 16.0 | 32.0 |
Palm oil | 24.4 | 22.8 | 21.8 |
Dicalcium phosphate | 17.5 | 17.1 | 16.8 |
Limestone | 7.0 | 6.8 | 6.8 |
Dl-methionine | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 |
Lysine-HCl | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.2 |
L-threonine | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 |
Premix 1 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 |
Salt | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.4 |
Choline chloride, 60% | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
Calculated composition | |||
ME, MJ/kg 2 | 13.18 | 13.18 | 13.18 |
Dry Matter, g/kg 3 | 894 | 894 | 894 |
Crude protein, g/kg 2 | 205 | 204 | 204 |
Digestible methionine, g/kg 2 | 5.18 | 5.23 | 5.28 |
Digestible lysine, g/kg 2 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 |
Digestible methionine + cysteine, g/kg 2 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 8.4 |
Digestible threonine, g/kg | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.2 |
Digestible arginine, g/kg | 11.6 | 11.4 | 11.2 |
Nitrate, mg/kg | 19.5 | 54.6 | 89.7 |
Nitrite, mg/kg | NA | NA | NA |
Ether extract, g/kg 3 | 46.2 | 44.3 | 42.9 |
Crude fiber, g/kg 3 | 51.6 | 52.4 | 53.8 |
Calcium, g/kg 2 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 |
Available Phosphorus, g/kg 2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 |
Magnesium, g/kg | 1.59 | 1.59 | 1.60 |
Potassium, g/kg | 7.93 | 8.24 | 8.54 |
Na (Sodium), g/kg | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
Cl (Chloride), g/kg | 3.78 | 3.73 | 3.69 |
Dietary electrolyte balance, mEq/kg | 183 | 193 | 201 |
Temp | Diet | BWG (g/bird) | FI (g) | FCR (g Feed/g Weight Gain) | Survival Rate (%) | European Production Index |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | Control | 2149 a | 3226 | 1.50 | 100 | 341 a |
FSP (1.6%) | 2092 a | 3137 | 1.50 | 100 | 332 a | |
FSP (3.2%) | 2141 a | 3052 | 1.43 | 100 | 358 a | |
High | Control | 1740 c | 2832 | 1.63 | 100 | 255 c |
FSP (1.6%) | 1751 bc | 2854 | 1.63 | 100 | 256 bc | |
FSP (3.2%) | 1821 b | 2992 | 1.64 | 97.2 | 264 b | |
SEM | 31.2 | 29.9 | 0.017 | 0 | 11.6 | |
ANOVA | ||||||
Temp * FSP | 0.050 | 0.072 | 0.170 | 0.863 | 0.043 | |
Temp | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.932 | 0.001 | |
FSP | 0.012 | 0.885 | 0.415 | 0.912 | 0.013 |
Temp. | Diet | Dressing (%) | Fat (%) | Leg (%) | Breast (%) | Intestine (%) | Gizzard (%) | Heart (%) | Liver (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | Control | 69.7 | 2.49 | 30.9 | 36.6 | 5.92 b | 3.32 | 0.92 | 2.72 |
FSP (1.6%) | 69.0 | 2.09 | 28.7 | 39.4 | 8.17 a | 3.34 | 0.84 | 2.91 | |
FSP (3.2%) | 68.2 | 2.22 | 29.1 | 39.2 | 9.14 a | 3.43 | 0.95 | 2.99 | |
High | Control | 68.8 | 1.99 | 29.7 | 36.6 | 8.08 ab | 3.75 | 0.83 | 2.93 |
FSP (1.6%) | 68.7 | 1.98 | 29.8 | 38.5 | 7.70 ab | 3.56 | 0.65 | 2.75 | |
FSP (3.2%) | 69.2 | 2.27 | 28.5 | 38.0 | 7.67 ab | 3.50 | 0.78 | 2.87 | |
SEM | 0.29 | 0.081 | 0.03 | 0.39 | 0.241 | 0.082 | 0.021 | 0.072 | |
ANOVA | |||||||||
Temp* FSP | 0.385 | 0.361 | 0.173 | 0.791 | 0.003 | 0.652 | 0.640 | 0.510 | |
Temp | 0.894 | 0.248 | 0.658 | 0.355 | 0.856 | 0.136 | 0.001 | 0.867 | |
FSP | 0.713 | 0.489 | 0.069 | 0.030 | 0.03 | 0.902 | 0.021 | 0.801 |
Temp | Diet | Nitrate Intake, mg/Chick | a* | b* | L* | Temp | pH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | Control | 62.8 e | 4.04 ab | 4.51 | 45.4 | 29.5 a | 6.69 |
FSP (1.6%) | 171.4 c | 5.31 a | 4.31 | 47.2 | 28.2 b | 6.74 | |
FSP (3.2%) | 276.1 a | 3.47 bc | 4.88 | 45.6 | 27.9 b | 6.71 | |
High | Control | 56.2 f | 3.28 bc | 3.49 | 47.1 | 29.7 a | 6.73 |
FSP (1.6%) | 156.3 d | 2.56 bc | 2.89 | 47.9 | 29.3 b | 6.61 | |
FSP (3.2%) | 265.7 b | 2.23 c | 2.59 | 48.0 | 29.1 b | 6.65 | |
SEM | 1.61 | 0.213 | 0.172 | 0.37 | 0.16 | 0.021 | |
ANOVA | |||||||
Temp * FSP | 0.115 | 0.029 | 0.098 | 0.612 | 0.007 | 0.509 | |
Temp | 0.005 | 0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.030 | 0.009 | 0.618 | |
FSP | 0.0001 | 0.016 | 0.596 | 0.311 | 0.139 | 0.932 |
Temp | Diet | Feeding Cost ($) | Total Cost ($) | Total Revenue ($) | Net Revenue ($) | Economic Efficiency (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | Control | 1.12 a | 1.92 a | 3.06 a | 1.14 a | 59.6 |
FSP (1.6%) | 1.10 a | 1.90 a | 2.98 b | 1.081 b | 57.0 | |
FSP (3.2%) | 1.09 a | 1.89 a | 3.05 a | 1.17 a | 61.8 | |
High | Control | 1.00 c | 1.79 c | 2.48 e | 0.681 d | 37.9 |
FSP (1.6%) | 1.00 c | 1.79 c | 2.50 d | 0.696 d | 38.6 | |
FSP (3.2%) | 1.05 b | 1.85 b | 2.60 c | 0.749 c | 40.6 | |
SEM | 0.032 | 0.030 | 0.056 | 0.0431 | 2.11 | |
ANOVA | ||||||
Temp*FSP | 0.022 | 0.022 | 0.001 | 0.023 | 0.134 | |
Temp | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |
FSP | 0.270 | 0.270 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.013 |
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AL-Sagan, A.A.; Khalil, S.; Hussein, E.O.S.; Attia, Y.A. Effects of Fennel Seed Powder Supplementation on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Meat Quality, and Economic Efficiency of Broilers under Thermoneutral and Chronic Heat Stress Conditions. Animals 2020, 10, 206. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10020206
AL-Sagan AA, Khalil S, Hussein EOS, Attia YA. Effects of Fennel Seed Powder Supplementation on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Meat Quality, and Economic Efficiency of Broilers under Thermoneutral and Chronic Heat Stress Conditions. Animals. 2020; 10(2):206. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10020206
Chicago/Turabian StyleAL-Sagan, Ahmed A., Shady Khalil, Elsayed O. S. Hussein, and Youssef A. Attia. 2020. "Effects of Fennel Seed Powder Supplementation on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Meat Quality, and Economic Efficiency of Broilers under Thermoneutral and Chronic Heat Stress Conditions" Animals 10, no. 2: 206. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10020206
APA StyleAL-Sagan, A. A., Khalil, S., Hussein, E. O. S., & Attia, Y. A. (2020). Effects of Fennel Seed Powder Supplementation on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Meat Quality, and Economic Efficiency of Broilers under Thermoneutral and Chronic Heat Stress Conditions. Animals, 10(2), 206. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10020206