Assessment of Fermented Soybean Meal on Salmonella typhimurium Infection in Neonatal Turkey Poults
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Isolation and Selection of Inoculum Bacteria Used for Fermentation
2.2. Salmonella typhimurium Strain and Culture Conditions
2.3. In Vitro Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity against Salmonella Enterica Serovar typhimurium
2.4. Preparation of Fermented Soybean Meal
2.5. Experimental Diets
2.6. In Vitro Digestion Model, Experiment 1
2.7. Effect of Prophylactic Administration of FSBM on Salmonella typhimurium, Experiment 2
2.8. Effect of Therapeutic Administration of FSBM on Salmonella typhimurium, Experiment 3
2.9. Salmonella Recovery
2.10. Serum Determination of FITC-d Leakage
2.11. Morphometric Measurement of the Small Intestinal Mucosa
2.12. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item Ingredients | Experimental Diets | |
---|---|---|
Control % | FSBM % | |
Corn | 55.53 | 55.53 |
Soybean meal | 35.69 | 0 |
Fermented Soybean meal | 0 | 35.69 |
Vegetable oil | 4.22 | 4.22 |
Dicalcium phosphate | 1.82 | 1.82 |
Calcium carbonate | 1.12 | 1.12 |
Salt | 0.38 | 0.38 |
DL-Methionine | 0.37 | 0.37 |
Vitamin premix 1 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
L-Lysine HCl | 0.28 | 0.28 |
Choline chloride 60% | 0.20 | 0.20 |
Mineral premix 2 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
Selenium 0.6% | 0.02 | 0.02 |
Propionic acid | 0.02 | 0.02 |
Antioxidant 3 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
Total | 100.00 | 100.00 |
Chemical Analysis 4 | ||
ME (Kcal/Kg) | 2800 | 2800 |
Crude Protein | 27.81 | 28.35 |
Lysine | 1.55 | 1.57 |
Methionine + Cysteine | 1.018 | 1.00 |
Threonine | 1.04 | 1.05 |
Fiber | 2.70 | 2.72 |
Calcium | 1.2 | 1.2 |
Nonphytate Phosphorus | 0.6 | 0.6 |
Treatments | Log10 CFU/mL of ST In Vitro Digestive System | ||
---|---|---|---|
Crop | Proventriculus | Intestine | |
Control diet + ST | 7.49 ± 0.11 a | 4.01 ± 0.03 a | 4.06 ± 0.06 a |
FSBM + ST | 7.05 ± 0.04 a | 0 ± 0 b | 0 ± 0 b |
Treatments | Prophylactic Model 1 Experiment 2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BW at 10 Days (g) | BWG at 10 Days (g) | FITC-d (µg/mL) | CCT ST Log10 CFU/g 2 | CCT +/− (%) 3 | Total Mortality (%) 4 | |
Control | 195.22 ± 3.71 b | 132.48 ± 3.80 b | 205.00 ± 16.31 b | 0 ± 0 | 0/24 (0%) | 0/24 (0%) |
FSBM | 212.00 ± 3.63 a | 148.03 ± 3.67 a | 74.73 ± 23.47 d | 0 ± 0 | 0/24 (0%) | 0/24 (0%) |
Control + ST | 153.54 ± 4.66 d | 91.50 ± 4.70 d | 261.35 ± 19.36 a | 0.99 ± 0.34 | 8/24 (33.33%) | 0/24 (0%) |
FSBM + ST | 182.00 ± 5.03 c | 120.12 ± 5.02 c | 167.61 ± 20.10 c | 0.13 ± 0.15 | 6/24 (25.00%) | 0/24 (0%) |
Treatments | Therapeutic Model 5 Experiment 3 | |||||
BW at 7 Days (g) | BWG at 7 Days (g) | FITC-d (µg/mL) | CCT ST Log10 CFU/g 2 | CCT +/− (%) 3 | Total Mortality (%) 4 | |
Control | 137.59 ± 2.70 b | 75.14 ± 2.70 b | 233.00 ± 26.31 a | 0 ± 0 | 0/24 (0%) | 0/24 (0%) |
FSBM | 152.30 ± 2.34 a | 88.33 ± 2.51 a | 61.11 ± 16.98 b | 0 ± 0 | 0/24 (0%) | 0/24 (0%) |
Control + ST | 85.86 ± 2.73 d | 24.50 ± 2.67 d | 218.62 ± 40.22 a | 3.75 ± 0.44 | 24/24 (100%) | 8/24 (33.33%) a |
FSBM + ST | 120.04 ± 3.30 c | 60.07 ± 3.08 c | 78.49 ± 16.98 b | 3.13 ± 0.38 | 24/24 (100%) | 2/ 24 (8.33%) b |
Treatments | Villus Length (µm) | Villus Width (µm) | Crypt Depth (µm) | Villus Surface Area (mm2) | Villus: Crypt Ratio (µm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prophylactic Model 1 Experiment 2 | |||||
Control | 329.46 ± 9.10 c | 43.06 ± 1.71 a | 20.17 ± 0.71 | 44.75 ± 2.20 b | 17.03 ± 0.77 c |
FSBM | 443.85 ± 9.59 a | 37.69 ± 1.42 b | 18.35 ± 0.46 | 52.79 ± 2.50 a | 24.69 ± 0.83 a |
Control + ST | 381.67 ± 7.31 b | 35.45 ± 0.89 b | 20.54 ± 0.34 | 42.67 ± 1.14 b | 18.78 ± 0.49 cb |
FSBM + ST | 392.12 ± 9.31 b | 35.65 ± 0.82 b | 20.49 ± 0.95 | 43.90 ± 1.45 b | 21.04 ± 1.36 b |
Therapeutic Model 2 Experiment 3 | |||||
Control | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
FSBM | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Control + ST | 338.50 ± 9.60 | 38.97 ± 1.45 a | 22.35 ± 1.07 | 41.44 ± 2.14 | 16.18 ± 0.76 |
FSBM + ST | 371.22 ± 14.73 | 33.18 ± 1.00 b | 23.19 ± 0.69 | 38.37 ± 1.70 | 16.19 ± 0.54 |
Treatments | Villus Length (µm) | Villus Width (µm) | Crypt Depth (µm) | Villus Surface Area (mm2) | Villus: Crypt Ratio (µm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prophylactic Model 1 Experiment 2 | |||||
Control | 112.27 ± 6.71 c | 25.45 ± 0.93 ab | 17.85 ± 0.89 b | 9.40 ± 0.84 c | 6.57 ± 0.41 b |
FSBM | 165.83 ± 11.5 b | 24.52 ± 0.78 ab | 24.77 ± 0.98 a | 13.01 ± 1.13 b | 6.74 ± 0.40 b |
Control + ST | 122.98 ± 6.83 c | 22.44 ± 0.83 b | 19.20 ± 1.02 b | 8.90 ± 0.65 c | 6.62 ± 0.37 b |
FSBM + ST | 203.02 ± 5.20 a | 26.87 ± 1.05 a | 25.67 ± 0.99 a | 17.09± 7.64 a | 8.31 ± 0.37 a |
Therapeutic Model 2 Experiment 3 | |||||
Control | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
FSBM | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Control + ST | 151.76 ± 4.55 ab | 24.23 ± 0.71 | 23.78 ± 1.03 a | 11.70 ± 0.56 ab | 6.66 ± 0.28 |
FSBM + ST | 130.21 ± 5.44 cb | 25.60 ± 0.71 | 23.53 ± 1.28 a | 10.59 ± 0.61 ab | 5.91 ± 0.30 |
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Morales-Mena, A.; Martínez-González, S.; Teague, K.D.; Graham, L.E.; Señas-Cuesta, R.; Vuong, C.N.; Lester, H.; Hernandez-Patlan, D.; Solis-Cruz, B.; Fuente-Martinez, B.; et al. Assessment of Fermented Soybean Meal on Salmonella typhimurium Infection in Neonatal Turkey Poults. Animals 2020, 10, 1849. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101849
Morales-Mena A, Martínez-González S, Teague KD, Graham LE, Señas-Cuesta R, Vuong CN, Lester H, Hernandez-Patlan D, Solis-Cruz B, Fuente-Martinez B, et al. Assessment of Fermented Soybean Meal on Salmonella typhimurium Infection in Neonatal Turkey Poults. Animals. 2020; 10(10):1849. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101849
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorales-Mena, Arantxa, Sergio Martínez-González, Kyle D. Teague, Lucas E. Graham, Roberto Señas-Cuesta, Christine N. Vuong, Howard Lester, Daniel Hernandez-Patlan, Bruno Solis-Cruz, Benjamin Fuente-Martinez, and et al. 2020. "Assessment of Fermented Soybean Meal on Salmonella typhimurium Infection in Neonatal Turkey Poults" Animals 10, no. 10: 1849. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101849