Mycobacterium Avium Paratuberculosis: A Disease Burden on the Dairy Industry
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. The Triad of Johne’s Disease
2.1. The Pathogen—MAP
2.2. The Host
Virulence Factor | Function | Disease Promotion |
---|---|---|
Upregulated genes * MAP1203 | Invasion and intracellular persistence protein | Cellular invasion within the host, avoidance of host immunity |
MAP4088 | Cell entry lipoprotein | |
LuxR [29] | Gene overexpression increases cellular invasion [18] | |
Nonpolar lipid (lipid 550) [26] | Cell wall lipid | |
Downregulated gene * para-LP-01 [26] | Cell wall component | Downregulated in vivo promoting AMR |
Absence of cell wall in vivo | Intracellular parasite, reduced genome size | Resistance to antibiotic therapy, difficult to detect |
Genetic plasticity | Production of varying phenotypes | Adaption to environmental changes, promotes survival |
Mucosal adherence | Colonization of host membranes | Avoidance of host immunity, access to macrophages |
Fibronectin attachment protein | Attachment and internalization of mycobacteria [35] | Promotes opsonization by fibronectin [27] |
Altering phagolysosome fusion and maturation [25] | Disrupt the formation of the mature phagolysosome, prevent acidification | Survival within macrophages, avoid hydrolysis and oxidation reactions [25] |
Modulation of macrophage apoptosis | Controlling apoptosis, regulating macrophage cell death | Allows for intracellular MAP replication [36] until burst capacity is reached [21] |
PstA gene [37] | Biofilm formation-populated communities attached to surfaces | Chemical resistance, surviving harsh environments |
Dormancy | Bacterial state allowing survival of non-spore-forming bacteria [38,39] | Survival in unfavorable environmental conditions [38] |
Heat tolerance [28] | Resistance to pasteurization | Foodborne zoonosis |
2.3. The Environment
3. Prevalence of Disease
4. Impact on the Dairy Industry
Control Measures
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Garvey, M. Mycobacterium Avium Paratuberculosis: A Disease Burden on the Dairy Industry. Animals 2020, 10, 1773. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101773
Garvey M. Mycobacterium Avium Paratuberculosis: A Disease Burden on the Dairy Industry. Animals. 2020; 10(10):1773. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101773
Chicago/Turabian StyleGarvey, Mary. 2020. "Mycobacterium Avium Paratuberculosis: A Disease Burden on the Dairy Industry" Animals 10, no. 10: 1773. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101773