The Optimal Combination of Dietary Starch, Non-Starch Polysaccharides, and Mannan-Oligosaccharide Increases the Growth Performance and Improves Butyrate-Producing Bacteria of Weaned Pigs
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design, Animals, and Diet
2.2. Sampling and Measurements
2.3. Growth Performance
2.4. Digestibility Determination
2.5. Serum Sample Analysis
2.6. Histological Analysis
2.7. Determination of Bacterial Community and Data Analysis
2.8. Analysis of SCFA Concentrations
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Growth Performance
3.2. Apparent Total Tract Digestibility
3.3. Serum Biochemical Parameters
3.4. Intestinal Morphology
3.5. SCFA Contents in Serum and Hindgut
3.6. 16S rRNA Analysis of Bacterial Communities.
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Groups | A | B | C |
---|---|---|---|
Different Ratio of Amylose to Amylopectin | Levels of NSP (Mixture of Inulin with Cellulose by 1:1) | Levels of MOS | |
T1 | 2:1 (A1) | 1% (B1) | 400 mg/kg (C1) |
T2 | 2:1 (A1) | 2% (B2) | 800 mg/kg (C2) |
T3 | 2:1 (A1) | 3% (B3) | 1200 mg/kg (C3) |
T4 | 1:1 (A2) | 1% (B1) | 800 mg/kg (C2) |
T5 | 1:1 (A2) | 2% (B2) | 1200 mg/kg (C3) |
T6 | 1:1 (A2) | 3% (B3) | 400 mg/kg (C1) |
T7 | 1:2 (A3) | 1% (B1) | 1200 mg/kg (C3) |
T8 | 1:2 (A3) | 2% (B2) | 400 mg/kg (C1) |
T9 | 1:2 (A3) | 3% (B3) | 800 mg/kg (C2) |
Ingredients, % | Different Combinations of Starch, NSP, and MOS | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | T6 | T7 | T8 | T9 | |
Maize | 16.71 | 15.82 | 14.93 | 17.62 | 15.68 | 14.06 | 17.11 | 15.33 | 13.47 |
Puffed maize | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 |
Soybean meal | 13.20 | 13.35 | 13.50 | 13.05 | 13.36 | 13.65 | 13.12 | 13.43 | 13.74 |
Puffing of soybean | 7.00 | 7.00 | 7.00 | 7.00 | 7.00 | 7.00 | 7.00 | 7.00 | 7.00 |
Soy protein concentrate | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 |
Whey powder | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 |
Fish meal | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 |
Plasma protein powder | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 |
Glucose | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 |
Soybean oil | 0.20 | 0.85 | 1.50 | 0.30 | 0.84 | 1.40 | 0.25 | 0.80 | 1.35 |
Conventional maize starch | 11.90 | 12.35 | 12.60 | ||||||
High amylose maize starch | 30.70 | 29.75 | 28.80 | 17.90 | 17.50 | 17.10 | 3.80 | 3.80 | 3.78 |
High amylopectin maize starch | 26.45 | 26.45 | 26.45 | ||||||
Cellulose | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1.50 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1.50 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1.50 |
Inulin | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1.50 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1.50 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1.50 |
Mannan-oligosaccharide | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.08 |
Limestone | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 |
Dicalcium phosphate | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 |
L-Lysine-HCl | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.29 |
DL-Methionine | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 |
L-Threonine | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 |
L-Tryptophan | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Vitamin premix ‡ | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
Mineral premix † | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 |
NaCl | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
Choline chloride | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Nutrient Concentrations | Different Combinations of Starch, NSP, and MOS | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | T6 | T7 | T8 | T9 | |
Calculated values ‡ | |||||||||
CP, % | 19.00 | 19.00 | 19.00 | 19.00 | 19.00 | 19.00 | 19.00 | 19.00 | 19.00 |
NE, MJ/kg | 11.07 | 11.07 | 11.07 | 11.07 | 11.07 | 11.07 | 11.07 | 11.07 | 11.07 |
CF, % | 2.30 | 3.22 | 4.13 | 2.31 | 3.21 | 4.12 | 2.31 | 3.22 | 4.12 |
SID-Lysine, % | 1.23 | 1.23 | 1.23 | 1.23 | 1.23 | 1.23 | 1.23 | 1.23 | 1.23 |
SID-Methionine, % | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.36 |
SID-Threonine, % | 0.73 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 0.73 |
SID-Tryptophan, % | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
Calcium, % | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.70 |
Available P, % | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 |
Analyzed values | |||||||||
CP, % | 20.46 | 20.71 | 20.43 | 20.39 | 20.45 | 20.23 | 20.39 | 20.57 | 20.23 |
CF, % | 1.76 | 2.34 | 2.98 | 1.73 | 2.45 | 3.05 | 1.62 | 2.19 | 2.86 |
GE, MJ/kg | 16.41 | 16.49 | 16.70 | 16.37 | 16.47 | 16.65 | 316.29 | 16.39 | 16.57 |
Amylose content †, % | 68.11 | 67.94 | 69.73 | 49.59 | 49.15 | 49.86 | 33.60 | 35.89 | 34.79 |
Amylopectincontent †, % | 31.89 | 32.06 | 30.27 | 50.41 | 50.85 | 50.14 | 66.40 | 64.11 | 65.21 |
Amylose/Amylopectin | 2.14 | 2.12 | 2.30 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.51 | 0.56 | 0.53 |
Items | Different Combinations of Starch, NSP, and MOS | SEM | p Values | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | T6 | T7 | T8 | T9 | |||
d 0 BW, kg | 6.70 | 6.70 | 6.71 | 6.70 | 6.70 | 6.70 | 6.71 | 6.71 | 6.71 | 0.00 | 0.71 |
d 28 BW, kg | 16.20 | 17.17 | 17.24 | 16.30 | 16.79 | 17.44 | 15.85 | 16.33 | 16.09 | 0.43 | 0.12 |
ADFI, g | 487.53 | 533.82 | 527.41 | 506.23 | 527.34 | 537.27 | 488.19 | 489.58 | 497.73 | 20.85 | 0.45 |
ADG, g | 339.29 | 373.77 | 376.27 | 342.94 | 360.32 | 383.29 | 326.43 | 343.61 | 335.32 | 15.57 | 0.12 |
G:F | 0.695 a,b | 0.700 a,b | 0.714 a | 0.678 b | 0.683 a,b | 0.713 a | 0.668 b | 0.702 a,b | 0.673 b | 0.01 | 0.02 |
Diarrhea incidence, % | 10.00 | 9.46 | 9.05 | 12.38 | 11.25 | 9.28 | 13.75 | 11.85 | 11.01 | 0.01 | 0.06 |
Group | Factors and Their Level | Results | ||||||
A | B | C | d 28 BW (kg) | ADFI (g) | ADG (g) | G:F | Diarrhea incidence (%) | |
T1 | A1 | B1 | C1 | 16.20 | 487.53 | 339.29 | 0.695 | 10.00 |
T2 | A1 | B2 | C2 | 17.17 | 533.82 | 373.77 | 0.700 | 9.46 |
T3 | A1 | B3 | C3 | 17.24 | 527.41 | 376.27 | 0.714 | 9.05 |
T4 | A2 | B1 | C2 | 16.30 | 506.23 | 342.94 | 0.678 | 12.38 |
T5 | A2 | B2 | C3 | 16.79 | 527.34 | 360.32 | 0.683 | 11.25 |
T6 | A2 | B3 | C1 | 17.44 | 537.27 | 383.29 | 0.713 | 9.28 |
T7 | A3 | B1 | C3 | 15.85 | 488.19 | 326.43 | 0.668 | 13.75 |
T8 | A3 | B2 | C1 | 16.33 | 489.58 | 343.61 | 0.702 | 11.85 |
T9 | A3 | B3 | C2 | 16.09 | 497.73 | 335.32 | 0.673 | 11.01 |
Indicator | Value name | Factors | ||||||
A | B | C | ||||||
d 28 BW (kg) | k1‡ | 16.87 | 16.12 | 16.66 | ||||
k2 | 16.84 | 16.76 | 16.52 | |||||
k3 | 16.09 | 16.92 | 16.63 | |||||
Range R1 † | 0.78 | 0.81 | 0.13 | |||||
Optimal combination | A1 | B3 | C1 | |||||
ADFI (g) | k1 | 516.25 | 493.98 | 504.79 | ||||
k2 | 523.61 | 516.91 | 512.59 | |||||
k3 | 491.83 | 520.80 | 514.31 | |||||
Range R2 | 31.78 | 26.82 | 9.52 | |||||
Optimal combination | A2 | B3 | C3 | |||||
ADG (g) | k1 | 363.11 | 336.22 | 355.40 | ||||
k2 | 362.18 | 359.23 | 350.67 | |||||
k3 | 335.12 | 364.96 | 354.34 | |||||
Range R3 | 27.99 | 28.74 | 4.72 | |||||
Optimal combination | A1 | B3 | C1 | |||||
G:F | k1 | 0.703 | 0.680 | 0.703 | ||||
k2 | 0.691 | 0.695 | 0.684 | |||||
k3 | 0.681 | 0.700 | 0.688 | |||||
Range R4 | 0.0218 | 0.0198 | 0.0196 | |||||
Optimal combination | A1 | B3 | C1 | |||||
Diarrhea incidence (%) | k1 | 9.23 | 12.04 | 10.58 | ||||
k2 | 11.17 | 10.85 | 10.95 | |||||
k3 | 12.20 | 9.70 | 11.07 | |||||
Range R5 | 2.98 | 2.34 | 0.50 | |||||
Optimal combination | A1 | B3 | C1 |
Group | Factors and Their Levels | Results | ||||||
A | B | C | d 28 BW (kg) | ADFI (g) | ADG (g) | G:F | Diarrhea Incidence (%) | |
T1 | A1 | B1 | C1 | 16.20 | 487.53 | 339.29 | 0.695 | 10.00 |
T2 | A1 | B2 | C2 | 17.17 | 533.82 | 373.77 | 0.700 | 9.46 |
T3 | A1 | B3 | C3 | 17.24 | 527.41 | 376.27 | 0.714 | 9.05 |
T4 | A2 | B1 | C2 | 16.30 | 506.23 | 342.94 | 0.678 | 12.38 |
T5 | A2 | B2 | C3 | 16.79 | 527.34 | 360.32 | 0.683 | 11.25 |
T6 | A2 | B3 | C1 | 17.44 | 537.27 | 383.29 | 0.713 | 9.28 |
T7 | A3 | B1 | C3 | 15.85 | 488.19 | 326.43 | 0.668 | 13.75 |
T8 | A3 | B2 | C1 | 16.33 | 489.58 | 343.61 | 0.702 | 11.85 |
T9 | A3 | B3 | C2 | 16.09 | 497.73 | 335.32 | 0.673 | 11.01 |
Indicators | Sources of variation | Three-way ANOVA analysis | ||||||
df | SS | MS | F | p-Value | ||||
d 28 BW (kg) | A | 2 | 7.02 | 3.51 | 2.48 | 0.09 | ||
B | 2 | 6.57 | 3.28 | 2.32 | 0.11 | |||
C | 2 | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.94 | |||
ADFI (g) | A | 2 | 9963.42 | 4981.71 | 1.83 | 0.17 | ||
B | 2 | 7562.62 | 3781.31 | 1.39 | 0.26 | |||
C | 2 | 926.19 | 463.09 | 0.17 | 0.84 | |||
ADG (g) | A | 2 | 9100.16 | 4550.08 | 2.87 | 0.07 | ||
B | 2 | 8332.28 | 4166.14 | 2.62 | 0.08 | |||
C | 2 | 221.05 | 110.53 | 0.07 | 0.93 | |||
G:F | A | 2 | 0.0043 | 0.0022 | 3.39 | 0.04 | ||
B | 2 | 0.0039 | 0.0020 | 3.09 | 0.06 | |||
C | 2 | 0.0038 | 0.0019 | 3.01 | 0.06 | |||
Diarrhea incidence (%) | A | 2 | 65.70 | 32.85 | 3.99 | 0.02 | ||
B | 2 | 46.09 | 23.04 | 2.80 | 0.07 | |||
C | 2 | 8.60 | 4.30 | 0.52 | 0.60 |
Items | Different Combinations of Starch, NSP, and MOS | SEM | p Values | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | T6 | T7 | T8 | T9 | |||
DM, % | 79.67 e | 82.11 c,d,e | 80.29 e | 85.32 a,b,c | 86.38 a,b | 88.15a | 84.63 b,c | 83.81 b,c,d | 81.10 d,e | 0.73 | <0.01 |
EE, % | 63.37 d | 72.00 b,c | 72.37 b,c | 70.85 b,c | 74.82 a,b | 81.16 a | 68.47 b,c,d | 66.61 c,d | 66.27 c,d | 1.40 | <0.01 |
Ash, % | 45.19 d | 50.60 c,d | 50.33 c,d | 58.42 b,c | 61.29 a,b | 67.42 a | 50.40 c,d | 48.17 d | 44.91 d | 1.87 | <0.01 |
GE, % | 78.84 e | 81.63 c,d,e | 79.58 e | 84.31 a,b,c | 85.61 a,b | 87.79 a | 84.03 b,c,d | 83.48 b,c,d | 80.62 d,e | 0.78 | <0.01 |
CP, % | 75.07 d | 79.06 b,c,d | 77.60 c,d | 81.89 a,b,c | 83.12 a,b | 85.98 a | 82.17 a,b,c | 81.78 a,b,c | 78.35 b,c,d | 1.05 | <0.01 |
Items mmol/L | Different Combinations of Starch, NSP, and MOS | SEM | p Values | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | T6 | T7 | T8 | T9 | |||
Glu | 5.30 | 5.29 | 4.93 | 5.39 | 5.80 | 6.01 | 4.96 | 5.01 | 5.94 | 0.53 | 0.75 |
TC | 2.49 | 2.56 | 2.53 | 2.23 | 2.30 | 2.37 | 2.41 | 2.44 | 2.21 | 0.14 | 0.61 |
TG | 0.36 | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.42 | 0.39 | 0.38 | 0.35 | 0.05 | 0.90 |
LDL-c | 1.07 a | 1.04 a | 0.89 a,b | 0.79 a,b | 0.90 a,b | 0.72 b | 0.88 a,b | 0.90 a,b | 0.65 b | 0.07 | 0.01 |
HDL-c | 1.17 | 1.34 | 1.52 | 1.21 | 1.30 | 1.33 | 1.18 | 1.10 | 1.12 | 0.11 | 0.18 |
Items | Different Combinations of Starch, NSP, and MOS | SEM | p Values | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | T6 | T7 | T8 | T9 | |||
Duodenum | |||||||||||
villus height (um) | 232.61 | 250.11 | 245.30 | 207.35 | 214.58 | 245.05 | 216.00 | 203.31 | 204.97 | 13.58 | 0.08 |
crypt depth (um) | 96.74 | 97.32 | 87.76 | 97.71 | 94.71 | 100.78 | 84.55 | 88.03 | 86.69 | 7.38 | 0.74 |
VH:CD | 2.46 | 2.66 | 2.88 | 2.17 | 2.30 | 2.45 | 2.59 | 2.31 | 2.37 | 0.17 | 0.15 |
Jejunum | |||||||||||
villus height (um) | 195.41 | 224.92 | 200.20 | 181.07 | 217.98 | 224.47 | 211.49 | 201.04 | 216.31 | 13.14 | 0.29 |
crypt depth (um) | 92.03 | 84.82 | 90.57 | 77.42 | 83.02 | 93.15 | 92.19 | 79.04 | 81.89 | 5.07 | 0.21 |
VH:CD | 2.12 | 2.68 | 2.24 | 2.39 | 2.65 | 2.45 | 2.30 | 2.56 | 2.65 | 0.17 | 0.19 |
Ileum | |||||||||||
villus height (um) | 162.59 | 168.34 | 148.91 | 153.14 | 169.21 | 161.56 | 183.27 | 158.56 | 168.97 | 9.60 | 0.37 |
crypt depth (um) | 79.33 | 72.76 | 82.22 | 71.71 | 74.14 | 80.12 | 79.44 | 76.04 | 76.30 | 3.50 | 0.23 |
VH:CD | 2.07 | 2.32 | 1.82 | 2.15 | 2.29 | 2.03 | 2.33 | 2.09 | 2.21 | 0.13 | 0.15 |
Items | Different Combinations of Starch, NSP, and MOS | SEM | p Values | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | T6 | T7 | T8 | T9 | |||
Serum, umol/L | |||||||||||
Acetate | 71.68 | 63.92 | 71.44 | 66.87 | 63.12 | 77.07 | 64.70 | 65.21 | 61.90 | 5.39 | 0.55 |
Propionate | 94.38 | 85.21 | 94.31 | 88.29 | 84.82 | 105.12 | 84.99 | 98.84 | 88.64 | 7.40 | 0.52 |
Butyrate | 6.53 a,b | 6.67 a,b | 5.95 a,b | 4.03 b | 4.90 a,b | 9.84 a | 4.06 b | 3.30 b | 4.36 b | 1.16 | 0.01 |
Cecum, umol/g | |||||||||||
Acetate | 69.96 a,b | 79.45 a,b | 70.66 a,b | 68.31 a,b | 69.69 a,b | 57.39 b | 83.19 a | 77.69 a,b | 60.75 a,b | 4.66 | 0.02 |
Propionate | 38.66 | 31.31 | 44.20 | 34.07 | 35.67 | 29.30 | 32.09 | 35.46 | 29.49 | 3.33 | 0.13 |
Butyrate | 22.36 | 23.97 | 20.74 | 23.58 | 22.99 | 21.65 | 15.65 | 15.62 | 18.06 | 1.86 | 0.33 |
Colon, umol/g | |||||||||||
Acetate | 63.85 a,b | 68.09 a,b | 61.87 b | 70.89 a,b | 70.96 a,b | 61.84 b | 79.74 a | 72.98 a,b | 67.29 a,b | 3.34 | 0.03 |
Propionate | 32.02 | 24.62 | 27.87 | 26.99 | 29.97 | 24.54 | 26.86 | 29.68 | 27.16 | 1.97 | 0.29 |
Butyrate | 17.89 | 16.32 | 18.48 | 20.02 | 18.71 | 16.16 | 14.56 | 14.70 | 15.93 | 1.73 | 0.46 |
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Zhou, H.; Yu, B.; He, J.; Mao, X.; Zheng, P.; Yu, J.; Luo, J.; Luo, Y.; Yan, H.; Chen, D. The Optimal Combination of Dietary Starch, Non-Starch Polysaccharides, and Mannan-Oligosaccharide Increases the Growth Performance and Improves Butyrate-Producing Bacteria of Weaned Pigs. Animals 2020, 10, 1745. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101745
Zhou H, Yu B, He J, Mao X, Zheng P, Yu J, Luo J, Luo Y, Yan H, Chen D. The Optimal Combination of Dietary Starch, Non-Starch Polysaccharides, and Mannan-Oligosaccharide Increases the Growth Performance and Improves Butyrate-Producing Bacteria of Weaned Pigs. Animals. 2020; 10(10):1745. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101745
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Hua, Bing Yu, Jun He, Xiangbing Mao, Ping Zheng, Jie Yu, Junqiu Luo, Yuheng Luo, Hui Yan, and Daiwen Chen. 2020. "The Optimal Combination of Dietary Starch, Non-Starch Polysaccharides, and Mannan-Oligosaccharide Increases the Growth Performance and Improves Butyrate-Producing Bacteria of Weaned Pigs" Animals 10, no. 10: 1745. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101745