Occurrence of Intestinal Parasites of Public Health Significance in Fresh Horticultural Products Sold in Maputo Markets and Supermarkets, Mozambique
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Sample Analysis
2.4. Social Information
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Market | Horticultural Products | Rainy Season | Dry Season | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Microscopy n (%) | PCR n (%) | N | Microscopy n (%) | PCR n (%) | ||
ZP | Le | 3 | 3 (2) | 1 (0.7) | 3 | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) |
Ca | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Co | 3 | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
PWC | 3 | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 3 | 0 (0) | 1 (0.6) | |
PC | 3 | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
GP | 3 | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.7) | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
To | 3 | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Pa | 3 | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 3 | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | |
XP | Le | 3 | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 3 | 0 (0) | 1 (1.2) |
Ca | NA | ND | ND | 3 | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | |
Co | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 | 2 (1.2) | 0 (0) | |
PWC | 3 | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 3 | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | |
PC | 3 | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
GP | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
To | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Pa | 3 | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 3 | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.6) | |
BE | Le | 3 | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 3 | 2 (1.2) | 0 (0) |
Ca | NA | ND | ND | 3 | 2 (1.2) | 0 (0) | |
Co | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | ND | ND | |
PWC | 3 | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 3 | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | |
PC | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
GP | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 | 2 (1.2) | 0 (0) | |
To | 3 | 0 (0) | 1 (0.7) | 3 | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.6) | |
Pa | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
CB | Le | 3 | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 3 | 2 (1.2) | 0 (0) |
Ca | NA | ND | ND | NA | ND | ND | |
Co | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
PWC | 3 | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.7) | 3 | 2 (1.2) | 0 (0) | |
PC | 3 | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 3 | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | |
GP | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
To | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | |
Pa | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
FJ | Le | 3 | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 3 | 3 (1.8) | 0 (0) |
Ca | NA | ND | ND | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Co | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 | 0 (0) | 1 (0.6) | |
PWC | 3 | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 3 | 2 (1.2) | 1 (0.6) | |
PC | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 | 3 (1.8) | 0 (0) | |
GP | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
To | 3 | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 3 | 3 (1.8) | 0 (0) | |
Pa | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
IV | Le | 3 | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 3 | 3 (1.8) | 0 (0) |
Ca | NA | ND | ND | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Co | NA | ND | ND | NA | ND | ND | |
PWC | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | ND | ND | |
PC | NA | ND | ND | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
GP | NA | ND | ND | NA | ND | ND | |
To | NA | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
Pa | NA | ND | ND | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
LSP | Le | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) |
Ca | NA | ND | ND | A | ND | ND | |
Co | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | |
PWC | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | |
PC | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
GP | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | |
To | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 | 3 (1.8) | 0 (0) | |
Pa | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | |
LMC | Le | NA | ND | ND | 3 | 2 (1.2) | 1 (0.6) |
Ca | NA | ND | ND | NA | ND | ND | |
Co | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | |
PWC | 3 | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 3 | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.6) | |
PC | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | |
GP | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
To | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Pa | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 | 2 (1.2) | 1 (0.6) | |
Total | 153 | 31 (20.3) | 4 (2.6) | 168 | 50 (29.8) | 9 (5.4) |
Rainy Season | N = 153 | Dry Season | N = 168 | Total N = 321 n (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Market (Horticultural Product) | Total n (%) | Market (Horticultural Product) | Total n (%) | ||
Balantidium coli | ZP (Le, PWC); CB (PC) | 3 (2.0) | XP (PWC); BE (To); CB (PC, To); FJ (PC/2, To/2); LSP (To/2) | 10 (6.0) | 13 (4.0) |
Blastocystis hominis | ZP (Co, PWC) | 2 (1.3) | FJ (To); LSP (To) | 2 (1.2) | 4 (1.3) |
Chilomastix mesnili | ZP (To, Pa); IV (Le) | 3 (2.0) | BE (PWC) | 1 (0.6) | 4 (1.3) |
Entamoeba spp. | ZP (Le/2, Co, PWC, PC/2, GP, To); XP (Le/2, PC, Pa/2); BE (Le, PWC); CB (Le, PWC); FJ (Le, PWC, To) | 20 (13.1) | ZP (Pa); XP (Pa); CB (PWC); LSP (GP); LMC (PWC) | 5 (3.0) | 25 (7.8) |
Entamoeba coli | ZP (To); BE (Le); CB (PC); FJ (PWC, To); IV (Le) | 6 (3.9) | XP (Co); BE (Ca, GP, To); CB (Le); FJ (Le, PC, To/2); LSP (PWC, To); LMC (Le, Co, PC, Pa) | 15 (8.9) | 21 (6.5) |
Entamoeba hartmani | ZP (Le) | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) | |
Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar | ZP (Le, To); IV (Le) | 3 (2.0) | XP (Co); BE (Ca, GP); CB (PWC, PC); FJ (Le/3) | 8 (4.8) | 11 (3.4) |
Endolimax nana | ZP (PC/2, GP); XP (PWC) | 4 (2.6) | LMC (Le) | 1 (0.6) | 5 (1.6) |
Iodamoeba butschlii | 0 (0.0) | FJ (PWC/2) | 2 (1.2) | 2 (0.6) | |
Giardia duodenalis | ZP (Le, GP); BE (To) | 3 (2.0) | ZP (PWC); XP (Le, Ca, Pa); CB (Le); FJ (PWC); IV (Le); LMC (PWC, Pa) | 9 (5.4) | 12 (3.7) |
Nematods | 0 (0.0) | XP (Ca); IV (Le/3); LSP (Co) | 5 (3.0) | 5 (1.6) | |
Helminth eggs | LMC (PWC/2) | 2 (1.3) | BE (Le); LSP (Le); LMC (Pa) | 3 (1.8) | 5 (1.6) |
Strongyloides stecoralis (adult worm) | 0 (0.0) | ZP (Le); FJ (Le/2); LSP (Pa) | 4 (2.4) | 4 (1.3) | |
Enterocytozoon bieneusi | CB (PWC) | 1 (0.7) | BE (To); FJ (Co); LMC (Le) | 3 (1.8) | 4 (1.3) |
Total positives | 48 (31.4) | 68 (40.5) | 116 (36.1) |
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Salamandane, C.; Lobo, M.L.; Afonso, S.; Miambo, R.; Matos, O. Occurrence of Intestinal Parasites of Public Health Significance in Fresh Horticultural Products Sold in Maputo Markets and Supermarkets, Mozambique. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1806. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091806
Salamandane C, Lobo ML, Afonso S, Miambo R, Matos O. Occurrence of Intestinal Parasites of Public Health Significance in Fresh Horticultural Products Sold in Maputo Markets and Supermarkets, Mozambique. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(9):1806. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091806
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalamandane, Cátia, Maria Luísa Lobo, Sónia Afonso, Regina Miambo, and Olga Matos. 2021. "Occurrence of Intestinal Parasites of Public Health Significance in Fresh Horticultural Products Sold in Maputo Markets and Supermarkets, Mozambique" Microorganisms 9, no. 9: 1806. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091806