Bacteriophage-Mediated Control of Phytopathogenic Xanthomonads: A Promising Green Solution for the Future
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Xanthomonads
1.2. Biological Control of Xanthomonads
1.3. Bacteriophages
2. Xanthomonas-Host Plant and Bacteriophage-Host Bacterium Interactions and Their Possible Influence on Bacteriophage-Based Biocontrol Strategies
2.1. Xanthomonas-Host Plant Interactions
2.2. Bacteriophage-Host Bacterium Interactions
2.3. Bacteriophage Resistance in Bacteria
3. Bacteriophage-Based Biocontrol of Xanthomonas spp.
3.1. Examples for Greenhouse and Field Trials
3.2. Advantages
3.3. Limitations
3.4. Commercial Products
4. Legal Basis for the Registration of Bacteriophage-Based Pesticides
5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Host Bacteria, Disease Name and Host Plant | Description of Works Performed | Reference |
---|---|---|
Xanthomonas fragariae Angular leaf spot in strawberry | Isolation and whole genome sequence analysis of N4-like bacteriophage, named RiverRider, including its host range. | [36] |
Xanthomonas citri Asian citrus canker | Isolation and genome sequence analysis of Xanthomonas virus XacN1, a novel jumbo myovirus, showing a wider host range then other X. citri bacteriophages. | [37] |
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Bacterial leaf blight of rice | Characterization of a novel phage Xoo-sp2, isolated from soil and its potential as a prophylatic agent in biocontrol of the disease. | [38] |
Isolation and complete genome sequence analysis of bacteriophage Xoo-sp13. | [39] | |
Isolation and complete genome sequence analysis of a jumbo bacteriophage, Xoo-sp14. | [40] | |
Isolation and analysis of the complete genome sequences of 10 OP2-like X. oryzae pv. oryzae bacteriophages | [41] | |
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestrisBlack rot disease of kohlrabi | Evaluation of lytic activity of Xccφ1 bacteriophage in combination with 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (a secondary metabolite produced by Trichoderma atroviride P1) and the mineral hydroxyapatite for the prevention and eradication of bacterial biofilms. | [42] |
Isolation and characterization of specific bacteriophage (Xccφ1) able to control disease, and investigation of X. campestris pv. campestris and Xccφ1, applied singly or combined, on plant metabolome. | [43] | |
Xanthomonas campestris pv. Campestris Black rot of crucifers | Isolation of phage infecting X. campestris pv. campestris and characterization of the bacteriophage Xcc9SH3. | [44] |
Xanthomonas campestris pv. Campestris Black rot of caulifower | Isolation and morphological, molecular and phylogenetic characterization of X. campestris pv. campestris specific bacteriophage named “Xanthomonas virus XC 2” | [45] |
Xanthomonas arboricola pv. Juglandis Walnut blight | Isolation of 24 phages from soil and infected walnut aerial tissues. Two polyvalent bacteriophages, were characterized by their morphological, physiological and genomic analyses. | [46] |
Isolation and complete genome analysis of three bacteriophages, f20-Xaj, f29-Xaj and f30-Xaj, specific to X. arboricola pv. juglandis | [47] | |
Xanthomonasvesicatoria Bacterial spot of pepper | Isolation and complete genome sequence of a filamentous bacteriophage XaF13 infecting X. vesicatoria | [48] |
Isolation and complete genome sequence of X. vesicatoria bacteriophage ΦXaF18 | [49] |
Level | Host Bacteria, Disease Name and Host Plant | Description of Works Performed | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Greenhouse and field trials against xanthomonads | Xanthomonas euvesicatoria Bacterial spot of pepper | Characterization and whole genome analysis of KΦ1 phage infecting X. euvrsocatoria. Single bacteriophage treatment as well its integarion with copper-hydrovide was evaluated in greenhouse conditions. | [141] |
Study of efficacy of biocontrol agents (bacteriophage KΦ1 and two strains of Bacillus subtilis AAac and QST 713), systemic acquired resistance inducer (acibenzolar-S-methyl), a commercial microbial fertilizer (Slavol), copper-based compounds (copper hydroxide and copper oxychloride) in combination with or without mancozeb, and antibiotics (streptomycin sulphate and kasugamycin), in control of the disease. | [142] | ||
Xanthomonas citri subsp. Citri Asiatic citrus canker | Efficacy of applications of formulated bacteriophages with skim milk and sucrose or nonformulated bacteriophages combined with acibenzolar-S-methyl compared to copper bactericides applications in control of the disease on leaves under greenhouse and field conditions. | [146] | |
Xanthomonas perforans Bacterial spot of tomatoes | Evaluation of 19 different chemical agents, biological control agents, plant defense activators, and novel products in control of the disease on tomato seedlings and in the field. | [140] | |
Xanthomonas campestris pv. Campestris Black rot of broccoli | Study of the potential of nonpathogenic Xanthomonas sp. strain 11-100-01 (npX) mixed with bacteriophage XcpSFC211 (pXS) in control of disease in greenhouse and field conditions. | [151] | |
Xanthomonas campestris pv. Campestris Black rot of cabbage | Evaluation of the effect of UV light factor on persistence of the phage mixed with different UV-protectors in vitro and in planta on young cabbage plants in greenhouse conditions, and its efficacy in control of the disease. | [152] | |
Commercialized products against xanthomonads | Xanthomonas campestris pv. Vesicatoria bacterial spot of tomato and pepper | AgriPhage, contains bacteriophages specific to X. campestris pv. vesicatoria and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato for control of bacterial spot or speck of tomato and pepper. | Omnilytics, nd. |
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Stefani, E.; Obradović, A.; Gašić, K.; Altin, I.; Nagy, I.K.; Kovács, T. Bacteriophage-Mediated Control of Phytopathogenic Xanthomonads: A Promising Green Solution for the Future. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1056. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9051056
Stefani E, Obradović A, Gašić K, Altin I, Nagy IK, Kovács T. Bacteriophage-Mediated Control of Phytopathogenic Xanthomonads: A Promising Green Solution for the Future. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(5):1056. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9051056
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefani, Emilio, Aleksa Obradović, Katarina Gašić, Irem Altin, Ildikó K. Nagy, and Tamás Kovács. 2021. "Bacteriophage-Mediated Control of Phytopathogenic Xanthomonads: A Promising Green Solution for the Future" Microorganisms 9, no. 5: 1056. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9051056