Distribution of HPV Genotypes Differs Depending on Behavioural Factors among Young Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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<30 y | 30–44 y | ≥45 y | All Women | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
High-Risk HPV Genotypes | (n = 234) | (n = 444) | (n = 201) | (n = 879) p 4 |
16 | 90 (38.5) | 136 (30.6) | 30 (14.9) | 256 (29.1) 0.000 |
18 | 15 (6.4) | 27 (6.1) | 14 (7.0) | 56 (6.4) 0.913 |
31 | 25 (10.7) | 47 (10.6) | 9 (4.5) | 81 (9.2) 0.022 |
33 | 14 (6.0) | 16 (3.6) | 7 (3.5) | 37 (4.2) 0.302 |
35 | 5 (2.1) | 8 (1.8) | 4 (2.0) | 17 (1.9) 0.949 |
39 | 11 (4.7) | 14 (3.2) | 8 (4.0) | 33 (3.8) 0.571 |
45 | 7 (3.0) | 23 (5.2) | 4 (2.0) | 34 (3.9) 0.133 |
51 | 24 (10.3) | 22 (5.0) | 13 (6.5) | 59 (6.7) 0.032 |
52 | 21 (9.0) | 33 (7.4) | 9 (4.5) | 63 (7.2) 0.173 |
56 | 10 (4.3) | 31 (7.0) | 11 (5.5) | 52 (5.9) 0.369 |
58 | 8 (3.4) | 17 (3.8) | 5 (2.5) | 30 (3.4) 0.781 |
59 | 6 (2.6) | 14 (3.2) | 5 (2.5) | 25 (2.8) 0.896 |
66 | 19 (8.1) | 26 (5.9) | 11 (5.5) | 56 (6.4) 0.434 |
68 | 4 (1.7) | 10 (2.3) | 9 (4.5) | 23 (2.6) 0.174 |
Low-Risk HPV Genotypes | ||||
6 | 8 (3.4) | 5 (1.1) | 1 (0.5) | 14 (1.6) 0.042 |
11 | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.5) | 1 (0.5) | 3 (0.3) 0.611 |
30 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) 1.000 |
40 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) - |
42 | 9 (3.8) | 11 (2.5) | 9 (4.5) | 29 (3.3) 0.345 |
43 | 2 (0.9) | 3 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (0.6) 0.611 |
53 | 11 (4.7) | 13 (2.9) | 10 (5.0) | 34 (3.9) 0.330 |
61 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.5) | 2 (0.2) 0.476 |
67 | 7 (3.0) | 8 (1.8) | 3 (1.5) | 18 (2.0) 0.522 |
69 | 1 (0.4) | 4 (0.9) | 1 (0.5) | 6 (0.7) 0.874 |
70 | 3 (1.3) | 17 (3.8) | 8 (4.0) | 28 (3.2) 0.137 |
73 | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.5) | 3 (0.3) 0.796 |
74 | 4 (1.7) | 2 (0.5) | 1 (0.5) | 7 (0.8) 0.215 |
81 | 4 (1.7) | 2 (0.5) | 2 (1.0) | 8 (0.9) 0.262 |
83 | 3 (1.3) | 3 (0.7) | 2 (1.0) | 8 (0.9) 0.651 |
86 | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.5) | 2 (1.0) | 4 (0.5) 0.266 |
87 | 9 (3.8) | 10 (2.3) | 3 (1.5) | 22 (2.5) 0.274 |
89 | 4 (1.7) | 2 (0.5) | 3 (1.5) | 9 (1.0) 0.179 |
90 | 13 (5.6) | 1 (0.2) | 3 (1.5) | 17 (1.9) 0.000 |
91 | 5 (2.1) | 8 (1.8) | 2 (1.0) | 15 (1.7) 0.699 |
Different HPV Groups | ||||
Any HPV+ | 209 (89.3) | 380 (85.6) | 143 (71.1) | 732 (83.3) 0.000 |
HPV-negative | 25 (10.7) | 64 (14.4) | 58 (28.9) | 147 (16.7) 0.000 |
High-risk HPV+ 1 | 186 (79.5) | 342 (77.0) | 116 (57.7) | 644 (73.3) 0.000 |
Low-risk HPV+ 2 | 66 (28.2) | 82 (18.5) | 48 (23.9) | 196 (22.3) 0.013 |
Single HPV | 116 (55.5) | 275 (72.4) | 104 (72.7) | 495 (67.6) 0.000 |
Multiple HPV (≥2+) 3 | 93 (44.5) | 105 (27.6) | 39 (27.3) | 237 (32.4) 0.000 |
Recorded Risk Factors OR (95% CI) | HPV 16 vs. lr-HPV/HPV-Negative | nonHPV16-hrHPV vs. lrHPV/HPV-Negative | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<30 y | 30–44 y | ≥45 y | All Women | <30 y | 30–44 y | ≥45 y | All Women | |
Contraception | ||||||||
Condom | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
No | 1.85 (0.59–5.75) | 0.72 (0.35–1.48) | 2.26 (0.67–7.60) | 0.80 (0.50–1.30) | 2.08 (0.65–6.70) | 0.94 (0.49–1.79) | 1.39 (0.63–3.08) | 1.01 (0.65–1.56) |
E+P 1 | 1.12 (0.47–2.69) | 1.56 (0.69–3.56) | 1.38 (0.12–15.72) | 1.65 (0.97–2.83) | 1.67 (0.69–4.05) | 1.69 (0.78–3.66) | 0.73 (0.12–4.53) | 1.65 (0.99–2.74) |
Progestin 2 | 1.83 (0.54–6.13) | 0.94 (0.33–2.64) | 3.67 (0.46–29.42) | 1.60 (0.79–3.24) | 2.17 (0.63–7.47) | 0.93 (0.35–2.45) | 0.98 (0.15–6.58) | 1.34 (0.67–2.65) |
Hormonal IUD | 1.30 (0.21–8.03) | 1.06 (0.49–2.28) | 2.75 (0.61–12.48) | 1.12 (0.62–2.04) | 5.00 (0.96–25.94) | 1.25 (0.62–2.54) | 3.81 (1.43–10.17) | 1.98 (1.17–3.35) |
Cu IUD | 0.65 (0.04–11.24) | 1.00 (0.32–3.16) | NPa | 0.99 (0.37–2.63) | 1.67 (0.14–20.23) | 0.53 (0.16–1.78) | 0.73 (0.06–8.83) | 0.74 (0.28–1.95) |
Oral sex | 1.40 (0.30–6.53) | 0.87 (0.34–2.23) | 2.32 (0.73–7.39) | 1.96 (1.10–3.52) | 3.13 (0.51–19.42) | 0.82 (0.35–1.95) | 1.11 (0.56–2.21) | 1.37 (0.85–2.23) |
Anal sex | 3.56 (1.36–9.35) | 0.78 (0.45–1.36) | 0.85 (0.28–2.56) | 1.28 (0.85–1.92) | 2.24 (0.84–5.93) | 0.74 (0.44–1.23) | 1.51 (0.73–3.13) | 1.12 (0.77–1.64) |
Parity | ||||||||
0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
1–2 | 0.70 (0.30–1.62) | 0.90 (0.51–1.59) | 1.30 (0.37–4.55) | 0.61 (0.41–0.90) | 0.69 (0.30–1.59) | 1.17 (0.70–1.96) | 1.30 (0.55–3.07) | 0.92 (0.64–1.31) |
≥3 | NPb | 0.90 (0.43–1.88) | 1.25 (0.33–4.70) | 0.48 (0.29–0.81) | NPb | 0.58 (0.28–1.20) | 0.81 (0.31–2.07) | 0.48 (0.29–0.78) |
Alcohol use | ||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
<6 doses/use | 2.86 (0.42–19.65) | 1.87 (0.63–5.55) | 0.47 (0.12–1.89) | 1.07 (0.52–2.22) | 2.86 (0.42–19.65) | 1.60 (0.63–4.09) | 1.44 (0.44–4.77) | 1.47 (0.78–2.79) |
>6 doses/use | 2.32 (0.78–6.86) | 1.83 (0.73–4.57) | 0.52 (0.15–1.82) | 1.59 (0.87–2.91) | 2.47 (0.83–7.30) | 1.23 (0.57–2.67) | 1.38 (0.45–4.26) | 1.50 (0.87–2.57) |
Smoking | ||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 3.74 (1.42–9.88) | 3.29 (1.69–6.40) | 1.15 (0.35–3.81) | 2.94 (1.84–4.70) | 2.31 (0.88–6.07) | 1.75 (0.94–3.26) | 1.38 (0.61–3.15) | 1.76 (1.14–2.72) |
Ex-smoker | 2.42 (1.05–5.58) | 2.51 (1.35–4.67) | 1.34 (0.53–3.34) | 2.02 (1.33–3.07) | 1.63 (0.72–3.71) | 1.60 (0.91–2.81) | 1.08 (0.55–2.11) | 1.37 (0.94–2.00) |
>1 partner in 12 months | 0.88 (0.37–2.12) | 0.63 (0.31–1.25) | 1.71 (0.46–6.33) | 0.96 (0.59–1.57) | 1.20 (0.52–2.77) | 0.93 (0.51–1.69) | 1.14 (0.40–3.30) | 1.16 (0.75–1.79) |
Age at first intercourse | ||||||||
≤15 y | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
16–19 y | 0.37 (0.17–0.81) | 1.17 (0.64–2.12) | 0.30 (0.11–0.86) | 0.56 (0.37–0.85) | 0.69 (0.32–1.53) | 1.24 (0.71–2.16) | 0.63 (0.27–1.48) | 0.84 (0.57–1.25) |
≥20 y | 0.59 (0.10–3.60) | 0.62 (0.25–1.54) | 0.56 (0.15–2.09) | 0.43 (0.23–0.83) | 0.77 (0.13–4.79) | 0.81 (0.36–1.80) | 0.74 (0.25–2.17) | 0.69 (0.39–1.24) |
Lifetime partners | ||||||||
1–3 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
4–10 | 1.54 (0.51–4.66) | 1.39 (0.62–3.14) | 3.73 (0.96–14.51) | 2.01 (1.15–3.49) | 1.50 (0.50–4.54) | 1.47 (0.70–3.08) | 2.40 (1.03–5.59) | 1.83 (1.13–2.98) |
11–20 | 2.15 (0.66–7.01) | 1.51 (0.64–3.55) | 3.00 (0.65–13.76) | 2.36 (1.30–4.26) | 1.85 (0.56–6.07) | 2.06 (0.95–4.46) | 2.50 (0.96–6.50) | 2.42 (1.44–4.07) |
>20 | 5.00 (1.03–24.28) | 2.20 (0.89–5.45) | 2.86 (0.59–13.81) | 2.94 (1.55–5.58) | 9.33 (2.00–43.63) | 1.55 (0.65–3.65) | 2.57 (0.96–6.88) | 2.75 (1.54–4.88) |
TOP | 1.40 (0.59–3.35) | 0.95 (0.52–1.73) | 0.65 (0.22–1.92) | 1.00 (0.66–1.53) | 1.07 (0.44–2.58) | 0.94 (0.54–1.63) | 0.74 (0.35–1.56) | 0.91 (0.62–1.35) |
Vitamin D usage | 0.95 (0.47–1.93) | 0.49 (0.29–0.82) | 2.27 (0.91–5.68) | 0.73 (0.51–1.05) | 1.07 (0.53–2.15) | 0.72 (0.44–1.18) | 1.15 (0.63–2.10) | 0.91 (0.66–1.27) |
Atopia | 0.83 (0.34–2.01) | 0.50 (0.26–0.97) | 1.99 (0.73–5.41) | 0.79 (0.50–1.24) | 0.98 (0.41–2.31) | 0.76 (0.43–1.33) | 1.17 (0.52–2.64) | 0.93 (0.62–1.40) |
Miscarriages | 1.07 (0.26–4.49) | 0.53 (0.28–1.02) | 1.54 (0.56–4.29) | 0.68 (0.42–1.12) | 0.65 (0.14–3.04) | 0.64 (0.36–1.13) | 0.99 (0.44–2.22) | 0.74 (0.48–1.14) |
Drugs | 1.36 (0.54–3.38) | 1.25 (0.67–2.32) | NPa | 1.47 (0.92–2.36) | 1.67 (0.69–4.05) | 1.12 (0.62–2.00) | 2.14 (0.76–5.98) | 1.54 (1.00–2.37) |
Recorded Risk Factors OR (95% CI) | lrHPV (Including Low-Risk Multiple Infections 3) vs. HPV-Negative | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
<30 y | 30–44 y | ≥45 y | All Women | |
Contraception | ||||
Condom | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
No | 0.44 (0.06–3.16) | 0.55 (0.17–1.76) | 1.33 (0.42–4.21) | 0.73 (0.36–1.47) |
E+P 1 | 1.09 (0.28–4.33) | 1.75 (0.46–6.65) | NPa | 1.50 (0.66–3.45) |
Progestin 2 | 0.22 (0.02–2.45) | 1.05 (0.21–5.19) | NPa | 0.56 (0.16–1.93) |
Hormonal IUD | 0.88 (0.05–16.74) | 1.56 (0.47–5.10) | 1.78 (0.37–8.59) | 1.38 (0.57–3.31) |
Cu IUD | NPa | 0.88 (0.14–5.51) | 2.67 (0.14–49.76) | 0.85 (0.19–3.67) |
Oral sex | 1.91 (0.16–22.63) | 4.42 (0.52–37.44) | 0.83 (0.30–2.28) | 1.50 (0.68–3.31) |
Anal sex | 2.42 (0.40–14.69) | 1.17 (0.50–2.71) | 1.02 (0.31–3.30) | 1.18 (0.64–2.18) |
Parity | ||||
0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
1–2 | 1.12 (0.30–4.13) | 1.03 (0.42–2.54) | 1.08 (0.29–4.09) | 0.85 (0.47–1.54) |
≥3 | NPb | 1.93 (0.62–5.95) | 1.39 (0.34–5.60) | 1.13 (0.55–2.32) |
Alcohol use | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
<6 doses/use | 1.00 (0.05–22.18) | 0.70 (0.15–3.37) | 0.62 (0.23–1.68) | 0.62 (0.23–1.68) |
>6 doses/use | 0.90 (0.20–4.14) | 0.83 (0.24–2.88) | 0.81 (0.17–3.79) | 0.82 (0.37–1.85) |
Smoking | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.43 (0.27–7.55) | 1.25 (0.43–3.59) | 1.67 (0.48–5.81) | 1.36 (0.66–2.80) |
Ex-smoker | 0.77 (0.20–2.98) | 0.91 (0.34–2.40) | 0.85 (0.30–2.42) | 0.81 (0.44–1.52) |
>1 partner in 12 mo | 1.85 (0.45–7.65) | 0.89 (0.32–2.46) | 3.19 (0.66–15.39) | 1.52 (0.75–3.09) |
Age at first intercourse | ||||
≤15 y | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
16–19 y | 0.89 (0.24–3.32) | 0.88 (0.35–2.22) | 1.21 (0.29–5.06) | 0.89 (0.47–1.72) |
≥20 y | 1.00 (0.05–19.96) | 0.77 (0.21–2.88) | 1.67 (0.29–9.45) | 0.90 (0.35–2.28) |
Lifetime partners | ||||
1–3 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
4–10 | 2.54 (0.42–15.21) | 2.03 (0.56–7.40) | 7.00 (1.72–28.54) | 3.50 (1.53–8.04) |
11–20 | 4.80 (0.68–33.80) | 2.23 (0.57–8.69) | 2.33 (0.45–12.23) | 3.10 (1.26–7.60) |
≥20 | 6.00 (0.34–107.42) | 2.28 (0.52–9.99) | 2.80 (0.52–14.96) | 2.75 (1.01–7.48) |
TOP | 0.84 (0.20–3.62) | 2.25 (0.90–5.64) | 0.90 (0.30–2.67) | 1.32 (0.71–2.46) |
Vitamin D usage | 0.64 (0.20–2.03) | 1.22 (0.52–2.85) | 0.84 (0.34–2.11) | 0.90 (0.53–1.54) |
Atopia | 0.67 (0.16–2.75) | 0.74 (0.28–1.92) | 1.49 (0.44–5.08) | 0.91 (0.47–1.76) |
Miscarriages | 2.29 (0.19–27.05) | 1.33 (0.54–3.30) | 0.31 (0.06–1.48) | 0.87 (0.44–1.74) |
Drugs | 2.04 (0.43–9.70) | 1.05 (0.39–2.81) | 1.08 (0.19–6.29) | 1.30 (0.63–2.70) |
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Bergqvist, L.; Kalliala, I.; Aro, K.; Auvinen, E.; Jakobsson, M.; Kiviharju, M.; Virtanen, S.; Dillner, J.; Nieminen, P.; Louvanto, K. Distribution of HPV Genotypes Differs Depending on Behavioural Factors among Young Women. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 750. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040750
Bergqvist L, Kalliala I, Aro K, Auvinen E, Jakobsson M, Kiviharju M, Virtanen S, Dillner J, Nieminen P, Louvanto K. Distribution of HPV Genotypes Differs Depending on Behavioural Factors among Young Women. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(4):750. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040750
Chicago/Turabian StyleBergqvist, Laura, Ilkka Kalliala, Karoliina Aro, Eeva Auvinen, Maija Jakobsson, Mari Kiviharju, Seppo Virtanen, Joakim Dillner, Pekka Nieminen, and Karolina Louvanto. 2021. "Distribution of HPV Genotypes Differs Depending on Behavioural Factors among Young Women" Microorganisms 9, no. 4: 750. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040750
APA StyleBergqvist, L., Kalliala, I., Aro, K., Auvinen, E., Jakobsson, M., Kiviharju, M., Virtanen, S., Dillner, J., Nieminen, P., & Louvanto, K. (2021). Distribution of HPV Genotypes Differs Depending on Behavioural Factors among Young Women. Microorganisms, 9(4), 750. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040750