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Volume 9
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10.3390/microorganisms9030597
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Review

Epidemiological and Public Health Significance of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Wild Rabbits and Hares: 2010–2020

by
Sonia Almeria
1,*,
Fernando H. A. Murata
2,
Camila K. Cerqueira-Cézar
2,
Oliver C. H. Kwok
2,
Alicia Shipley
3 and
Jitender P. Dubey
2
1
Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
2
Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
3
Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microorganisms 2021, 9(3), 597; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030597
Submission received: 23 February 2021 / Revised: 8 March 2021 / Accepted: 10 March 2021 / Published: 14 March 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parasitic Diseases from Wild Animals with Emphasis in Zoonotic Infections)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis of global distribution, and Toxoplasma gondii infections are common in humans and animals worldwide. Hares and rabbits are important small game species, and their meat is consumed by humans in many countries. Demand for rabbit meat for human consumption is increasing; therefore, toxoplasmosis in rabbits and hares is of epidemiological significance. Viable T. gondii has been isolated from rabbits. The present review summarizes worldwide information on the seroprevalence, parasitological investigations, clinical cases, isolation, and genetic diversity of T. gondii in wild rabbits, free domestic rabbits, hares, and other rabbits from 2010 to 2020. Differences in prevalence, susceptibility, genetic variants, and clinical implications of T. gondii infection in rabbits and hares are discussed. This review will be of interest to biologists, parasitologists, veterinarians, and public health workers. Additional studies are needed to increase our knowledge of genetic variants and the population structure of T. gondii in rabbits and hares and to understand the differences in susceptibility to T. gondii in hares in different areas.
Keywords: Toxoplasma gondii; hares; rabbits; last decade; review Toxoplasma gondii; hares; rabbits; last decade; review

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MDPI and ACS Style

Almeria, S.; Murata, F.H.A.; Cerqueira-Cézar, C.K.; Kwok, O.C.H.; Shipley, A.; Dubey, J.P. Epidemiological and Public Health Significance of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Wild Rabbits and Hares: 2010–2020. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 597. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030597

AMA Style

Almeria S, Murata FHA, Cerqueira-Cézar CK, Kwok OCH, Shipley A, Dubey JP. Epidemiological and Public Health Significance of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Wild Rabbits and Hares: 2010–2020. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(3):597. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030597

Chicago/Turabian Style

Almeria, Sonia, Fernando H. A. Murata, Camila K. Cerqueira-Cézar, Oliver C. H. Kwok, Alicia Shipley, and Jitender P. Dubey. 2021. "Epidemiological and Public Health Significance of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Wild Rabbits and Hares: 2010–2020" Microorganisms 9, no. 3: 597. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030597

APA Style

Almeria, S., Murata, F. H. A., Cerqueira-Cézar, C. K., Kwok, O. C. H., Shipley, A., & Dubey, J. P. (2021). Epidemiological and Public Health Significance of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Wild Rabbits and Hares: 2010–2020. Microorganisms, 9(3), 597. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030597

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