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Microorganisms
Volume 9
Issue 12
10.3390/microorganisms9122460
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Review

T-Cell Exhaustion in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infection: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Perspectives

by
Andrea Lombardi
1,2,*,
Simone Villa
2,
Valeria Castelli
1,
Alessandra Bandera
1,2,3 and
Andrea Gori
1,2,3
1
Infectious Diseases Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy
2
Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
3
Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Health Science (MACH), University of Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microorganisms 2021, 9(12), 2460; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9122460
Submission received: 10 November 2021 / Revised: 20 November 2021 / Accepted: 26 November 2021 / Published: 28 November 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Old and New Challenges in Mycobacterium Infection Treatment)
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Abstract

Immune exhaustion is a condition associated with chronic infections and cancers, characterized by the inability of antigen-specific T cells to eliminate the cognate antigen. Exhausted T cells display a peculiar phenotypic profile and exclusive functional characteristics. Immune exhaustion has been described in patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, and cases of tuberculosis reactivation have been reported in those treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors, drugs able to re-establish T-cells’ function. Exhausted T CD8+ cells’ profile has also been described in patients with infection due to nontuberculous mycobacteria. In this review, we initially provide an overview of the mechanisms leading to immune exhaustion in patients infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria. We then dissect the therapeutic perspectives related to immune checkpoint blockade in patients with these infections.
Keywords: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; nontuberculous mycobacteria; immune checkpoint inhibitors; immune exhaustion Mycobacterium tuberculosis; nontuberculous mycobacteria; immune checkpoint inhibitors; immune exhaustion

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MDPI and ACS Style

Lombardi, A.; Villa, S.; Castelli, V.; Bandera, A.; Gori, A. T-Cell Exhaustion in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infection: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Perspectives. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 2460. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9122460

AMA Style

Lombardi A, Villa S, Castelli V, Bandera A, Gori A. T-Cell Exhaustion in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infection: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Perspectives. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(12):2460. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9122460

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lombardi, Andrea, Simone Villa, Valeria Castelli, Alessandra Bandera, and Andrea Gori. 2021. "T-Cell Exhaustion in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infection: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Perspectives" Microorganisms 9, no. 12: 2460. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9122460

APA Style

Lombardi, A., Villa, S., Castelli, V., Bandera, A., & Gori, A. (2021). T-Cell Exhaustion in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infection: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Perspectives. Microorganisms, 9(12), 2460. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9122460

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