Diversity, Antibiotic Resistance, and Biofilm-Forming Ability of Enterobacteria Isolated from Red Meat and Poultry Preparations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Samples
2.2. Microbiological Analysis
2.3. Species Identification
2.4. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
2.5. Biofilm Determination
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Enterobacteria Load and Identification
3.2. Antimicrobial Susceptibility
3.3. Biofilm Production
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Enterobacterial Species | Origin (Number of Strains) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beef (47) | Pork (32) | Chicken (64) | Turkey (57) | Average Number of Antibiotic Resistances | |
Cedecea lapagei | 1 | 2.00 ± 0.00 | |||
Citrobacter braakii | 1 | 2.00 ± 0.00 | |||
Citrobacter freundii | 1 | 1.00 ± 0.00 | |||
Enterobacter aerogenes | 1 | 2.00 ± 0.00 | |||
Enterobacter amnigenus | 1 | 3 | 4.75 ± 0.50 | ||
Enterobacter asburiae | 4 | 1 | 4 | 1.11 ± 1.36 | |
Enterobacter cloacae | 1 | 4 | 1.60 ± 0.55 | ||
Escherichia coli | 1 | 25 | 29 | 3.95 ± 2.46 | |
Escherichia vulneris | 5 | 5 | 1.10 ± 0.32 | ||
Hafnia alvei | 10 | 8 | 3 | 4 | 2.84 ± 1.07 |
Klebsiella oxytoca | 4 | 5 | 2.11 ± 1.05 | ||
Klebsiella pneumoniae | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2.00 ± 1.87 | |
Kluyvera spp. | 1 | 1 | 3.00 ± 1.41 | ||
Pantoea spp. | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1.20 ± 1.64 | |
Proteus vulgaris | 3 | 1.67 ± 0.58 | |||
Providencia alcalifaciens | 1 | 1 | 1.00 ± 1.41 | ||
Salmonella enterica | 4 | 10 | 5 | 5 | 2.17 ± 1.66 |
Serratia liquefaciens | 13 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 1.59 ± 1.64 |
Serratia marcescens | 1 | 2.00 ± 0.00 | |||
Serratia plymuthica | 1 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | |||
Yersinia spp. | 3 | 1 | 2.25 ± 3.86 |
M | R | S | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Animal Species | No | % | No | % | No | % |
Beef (n = 47) | 33 | 70% | 10 | 21% | 4 | 9% |
Pork (n = 32) | 21 | 66% | 6 | 19% | 5 | 16% |
Chicken (n = 64) | 35 | 55% | 18 | 28% | 11 | 17% |
Turkey (n = 57) | 37 | 65% | 12 | 21% | 8 | 14% |
Total (n = 200) | 126 | 63% | 46 | 23% | 28 | 14% |
Number of Strains (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Bacterial Species | Not Biofilm Producer | WeakBiofilm Producer | ModerateBiofilm Producer | StrongBiofilm Producer |
Cedecea lapagei | 1 (100%) | |||
Citrobacter braakii | 1 (100%) | |||
Citrobacter freundii | 1 (100%) | |||
Enterobacter aerogenes | 1 (100%) | |||
Enterobacter amnigenus | 1 (25%) | 3 (75%) | ||
Enterobacter asburiae | 5 (56%) | 3 (33%) | 1 (11%) | |
Enterobacter cloacae | 2 (40%) | 3 (60%) | ||
Escherichia coli | 5 (9%) | 23 (42%) | 14 (25%) | 13 (24%) |
Escherichia vulneris | 1 (10%) | 5 (50%) | 2 (20%) | 2 (20%) |
Hafnia alvei | 9 (36%) | 12 (48%) | 4 (16%) | |
Klebsiella oxytoca | 3 (33%) | 4 (44%) | 2 (22%) | |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | 1 (20%) | 4 (80%) | ||
Kluyvera spp. | 2 (100%) | |||
Pantoea spp. | 4 (80%) | 1 (20%) | ||
Proteus vulgaris | 3 (100%) | |||
Providencia alcalifaciens | 1 (50%) | 1 (50%) | ||
Salmonella enterica | 5 (21%) | 5 (21%) | 12 (50%) | 2 (8%) |
Serratia liquefaciens | 2 (6%) | 16 (50%) | 5 (16%) | 9 (28%) |
Serratia marcescens | 1 (100%) | |||
Serratia plymuthica | 1 (100%) | |||
Yersinia spp. | 1 (25%) | 3 (75%) |
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Capita, R.; Castaño-Arriba, A.; Rodríguez-Melcón, C.; Igrejas, G.; Poeta, P.; Alonso-Calleja, C. Diversity, Antibiotic Resistance, and Biofilm-Forming Ability of Enterobacteria Isolated from Red Meat and Poultry Preparations. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 1226. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8081226
Capita R, Castaño-Arriba A, Rodríguez-Melcón C, Igrejas G, Poeta P, Alonso-Calleja C. Diversity, Antibiotic Resistance, and Biofilm-Forming Ability of Enterobacteria Isolated from Red Meat and Poultry Preparations. Microorganisms. 2020; 8(8):1226. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8081226
Chicago/Turabian StyleCapita, Rosa, Ana Castaño-Arriba, Cristina Rodríguez-Melcón, Gilberto Igrejas, Patricia Poeta, and Carlos Alonso-Calleja. 2020. "Diversity, Antibiotic Resistance, and Biofilm-Forming Ability of Enterobacteria Isolated from Red Meat and Poultry Preparations" Microorganisms 8, no. 8: 1226. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8081226