Fecal Pollution Drives Antibiotic Resistance and Class 1 Integron Abundance in Aquatic Environments of the Bolivian Andes Impacted by Mining and Wastewater
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling Sites
2.1.1. The Milluni Valley Lakes
2.1.2. Uru Uru Lake
2.1.3. Sample Collection and Processing
2.1.4. Quantification of Metals
2.1.5. DNA Extraction
2.1.6. Quantitative PCR
2.1.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Physicochemical Conditions and Metal Levels
3.2. Detection and Quantification of ARGs and MGEs
3.3. Fecal Pollution and Antibiotic Resistance
3.4. Relationship between ARGs and Environmental Variables
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene | Forward (5′ → 3′) | Reverse (5′ → 3′) | Size (bp) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
sul1 | GGATTTTTCTTGAGCCCCGC | CACCGAGACCAATAGCGGAA | 99 | This study |
sul2 | TCATCTGCCAAACTCGTCGT | CAAAGAACGCCGCAATGTGA | 103 | This study |
blaIMP-5 | CTTGGTTTGTGGAACGCGG | TAAGCCACTCTATTCCGCCC | 87 | This study |
blaIMP-2 | GAGCGCGTTTGCCTGATTTA | AGAAACAACACCCCAACCGT | 95 | This study |
blaIMP-12 | TGAAGAGGTTAGCGGTTGGG | CGCCCTACAAACCAAGCAAC | 132 | This study |
blaOXA-2 | GGTAGGATGGGTTGAGTGGC | ATAGAGCGAAGGATTGCCCG | 120 | This study |
acc-3 | GTTGCTACGCCGATTGTTCC | GCGATGTAGGCACCAAAACC | 92 | This study |
tetA | TCAATTTCCTGACGGGCTG | GAAGCGAGCGGGTTGAGAG | 91 | [42] |
tetB | AGTGCGCTTTGGATGCTGTA | GCTGAGGTGGTATCGGCAAT | 98 | This study |
msrA | CTGCTAACACAAGTACGATTCCAAAT | TCAAGTAAAGTTGTCTTACCTACACCATT | 89 | [43] |
mecA | GGTTACGGACAAGGTGAAATACTGAT | TGTCTTTTAATAAGTGAGGTGCGTTAATA | 106 | [43] |
QnrB-1 | GCGGCACTGAATTTATCGGC | GGCATCTTTCAGCATCGCAC | 86 | This study |
QnrB-5 | CGGGGTGTTGATTTACAAGGC | GCCAATAATCGCGATGCCAA | 84 | This study |
intl1 | CAGCACCTTGCCGTAGAAGA | GAGGCATTTCTGTCCTGGCT | 99 | This study |
crAss- phage | AGGAGAAAGTGAACGTGGAAACA | AACGAGCACCAATTTTAAGCTTTA | 78 | Modified from [20] |
16S rRNA | CCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG | TTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCAC | 192 | [44] |
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Agramont, J.; Gutiérrez-Cortez, S.; Joffré, E.; Sjöling, Å.; Calderon Toledo, C. Fecal Pollution Drives Antibiotic Resistance and Class 1 Integron Abundance in Aquatic Environments of the Bolivian Andes Impacted by Mining and Wastewater. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 1122. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8081122
Agramont J, Gutiérrez-Cortez S, Joffré E, Sjöling Å, Calderon Toledo C. Fecal Pollution Drives Antibiotic Resistance and Class 1 Integron Abundance in Aquatic Environments of the Bolivian Andes Impacted by Mining and Wastewater. Microorganisms. 2020; 8(8):1122. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8081122
Chicago/Turabian StyleAgramont, Jorge, Sergio Gutiérrez-Cortez, Enrique Joffré, Åsa Sjöling, and Carla Calderon Toledo. 2020. "Fecal Pollution Drives Antibiotic Resistance and Class 1 Integron Abundance in Aquatic Environments of the Bolivian Andes Impacted by Mining and Wastewater" Microorganisms 8, no. 8: 1122. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8081122