Production of Marine Probiotic Bacteria in a Cost-Effective Marine Media Based on Peptones Obtained from Discarded Fish By-Products
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of Peptones from Fish Discard By-Products
2.2. Microbiological Methods, Culture Media, and Analytical Determinations
2.3. Bacterial Sampling and Biomass and Cell Analysis
2.4. Mathematical Equations for Cultures Modelling
2.5. Economical Assessment of MPB Growth Costs
2.6. Numerical and Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Biomass (X) | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sk_BW | Sk_RS | Sk_Ma | Sk_Po | Sk_Gu | Sk_Gr | Sk_Me | Sk_Ha | Sk_Bo | Sk_AHM | He_BW | He_RS | He_Ma | He_Po | He_Gu | MM1 | |
Xm | 0.95 ± 0.04 | 0.94 ± 0.04 | 0.96 ± 0.04 | 0.95 ± 0.05 | 1.05 ± 0.04 | 1.00 ± 0.05 | 0.90 ± 0.08 | 0.91 ± 0.15 | 1.21 ± 0.15 | 0.72 ± 0.14 | 0.87 ± 0.09 | 0.77 ± 0.12 | 0.78 ± 0.13 | 0.92 ± 0.13 | 1.16 ± 0.06 | 1.01 ± 0.05 |
vm | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.08 ± 0.03 | 0.07 ± 0.05 | 0.10 ± 0.05 | 0.07 ± 0.06 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.04 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.06 | 0.10 ± 0.02 |
λX | 5.27 ± 0.99 | 5.83 ± 1.02 | 5.91 ± 0.89 | 6.43 ± 1.02 | 7.66 ± 0.82 | 4.61 ± 1.22 | 5.88 ± 1.98 | 5.79 ± 3.98 | 6.40 ± 2.67 | 6.16 ± 4.37 | 5.97 ± 2.27 | 5.03 ± 2.69 | 7.17 ± 3.29 | 2.50 (NS) | 7.81 ± 0.89 | 6.19 ± 1.73 |
μX | 0.44 ± 0.09 | 0.38 ± 0.08 | 0.49 ± 0.10 | 0.27 ± 0.04 | 0.51 ± 0.11 | 0.42 ± 0.11 | 0.37 ± 0.14 | 0.30 ± 0.18 | 0.34 ± 0.17 | 0.39 ± 0.35 | 0.33 ± 0.13 | 0.23 ± 0.09 | 0.48 (NS) | 0.21 ± 0.08 | 0.65 ± 0.24 | 0.38 ± 0.13 |
τX | 9.86 ± 0.56 | 11.0 ± 0.6 | 9.98 ± 0.49 | 13.8 ± 0.8 | 11.6 ± 0.5 | 9.37 ± 0.69 | 11.3 ± 1.3 | 12.4 ± 2.4 | 12.3 ± 1.8 | 11.3 ± 2.7 | 12.1 ± 1.5 | 13.9 ± 2.4 | 13.1 ± 3.5 | 11.9 ± 2.3 | 10.9 ± 0.4 | 11.1 ± 1.1 |
tmX | 14.5 ± 1.3 | 16.3 ± 1.4 | 14.1 ± 1.1 | 21.1 ± 1.7 | 15.6 ± 1.1 | 14.1 ± 1.5 | 16.7 ± 2.8 | 18.9 ± 5.5 | 18.2 ± 4.0 | 16.4 ± 6.1 | 18.2 ± 3.4 | 22.8 ± 5.2 | 18.9 ± 4.9 | 21.4 ± 5.3 | 13.9 ± 1.1 | 16.7 ± 2.4 |
YX/YPr | 0.564 | 0.522 | 0.674 | 0.592 | 0.729 | 0.615 | 0.582 | 0.669 | 0.616 | 0.468 | 0.682 | 1.130 | 1.228 | 1.273 | 1.362 | 0.920 |
R2 | 0.996 | 0.997 | 0.997 | 0.998 | 0.988 | 0.995 | 0.989 | 0.970 | 0.981 | 0.943 | 0.987 | 0.984 | 0.968 | 0.983 | 0.998 | 0.990 |
p-value | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 |
Cells (G) | ||||||||||||||||
Sk_BW | Sk_RS | Sk_Ma | Sk_Po | Sk_Gu | Sk_Gr | Sk_Me | Sk_Ha | Sk_Bo | Sk_AHM | He_BW | He_RS | He_Ma | He_Po | He_Gu | MM1 | |
Gm | 9.23 ± 0.44 | 9.48 ± 0.69 | 9.68 ± 0.72 | 10.2 ± 1.2 | 11.1 ± 1.5 | 10.2 ± 0.8 | 9.40 ± 1.27 | 10.5 ± 1.3 | 11.0 ± 1.2 | 8.62 ± 0.39 | 10.8 ± 1.3 | 8.84 ± 0.34 | 9.40 ± 0.86 | 9.17 ± 1.09 | 10.4 ± 1.6 | 10.5 ± 2.2 |
vG | 1.24 ± 0.33 | 1.13 ± 0.43 | 1.27 ± 0.52 | 1.14 ± 0.34 | 0.79 ± 0.33 | 1.49 ± 0.58 | 0.67 ± 0.30 | 0.94 ± 0.63 | 0.86 ± 0.35 | 2.00 ± 0.73 | 0.95 ± 0.43 | 1.61 ± 0.39 | 1.12 ± 0.53 | 0.82 ± 0.42 | 0.86 ± 0.41 | 1.03 ± 0.44 |
λG | 3.54 ± 1.13 | 3.58 ± 1.77 | 3.51 ± 1.77 | 3.86 ± 1.62 | 3.78 ± 3.04 | 6.87 ± 1.57 | 2.54 (NS) | 3.72 (NS) | 3.17 ± 2.75 | 4.69 ± 0.79 | 4.41 ± 2.76 | 5.04 ± 0.78 | 3.96 ± 2.21 | 2.48 (NS) | 3.72 ± 3.30 | 3.37 ± 2.54 |
μG | 0.54 ± 0.15 | 0.48 ± 0.19 | 0.53 ± 0.23 | 0.41 ± 0.13 | 0.29 ± 0.14 | 0.53 ± 0.22 | 0.28 ± 0.15 | 0.36 ± 0.26 | 0.31 ± 0.17 | 0.93 ± 0.35 | 0.35 ± 0.18 | 0.73 ± 0.18 | 0.48 ± 0.24 | 0.36 ± 0.20 | 0.30 ± 0.16 | 0.36 ± 0.17 |
τG | 7.27 ± 0.62 | 7.76 ± 0.97 | 7.32 ± 0.96 | 8.79 ± 0.91 | 10.8 ± 2.0 | 10.6 ± 0.9 | 9.59 ± 2.12 | 9.35 ± 2.39 | 9.59 ± 1.69 | 6.84 ± 0.49 | 10.1 ± 1.7 | 7.79 ± 0.43 | 8.20 ± 1.21 | 8.07 ± 1.76 | 10.4 ± 2.1 | 8.93 ± 1.47 |
tmG | 11.0 ± 1.3 | 12.0 ± 2.1 | 11.1 ± 2.0 | 13.7 ± 2.0 | 17.8 ± 4.6 | 14.4 ± 1.9 | 16.6 ± 4.9 | 15.1 ± 5.4 | 16.0 ± 3.9 | 9.00 ± 1.08 | 15.9 ± 5.2 | 10.5 ± 0.8 | 12.4 ± 2.6 | 13.7 ± 3.9 | 17.0 ± 4.9 | 14.5 ± 3.3 |
YG/YPr | 4.71 | 4.83 | 3.70 | 5.989 | 24.13 | 8.449 | 6.81 | 5.989 | 14.54 | 6.37 | 14.74 | 12.80 | 15.13 | 13.05 | 6.500 | 13.63 |
R2 | 0.994 | 0.988 | 0.985 | 0.991 | 0.977 | 0.990 | 0.973 | 0.949 | 0.979 | 0.994 | 0.977 | 0.996 | 0.981 | 0.971 | 0.969 | 0.981 |
p-value | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 |
Biomass (X) | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
He_Gr | He_Bo | He_Ha | He_AHM | He_Me | Wh_BW | Wh_RS | Wh_Ma | Wh_Po | Wh_Gu | Wh_Gr | Wh_Bo | Wh_Ha | Wh_Me | Wh_AHM | MM2 | |
Xm | 0.83 ± 0.11 | 0.94 ± 0.09 | 0.83 ± 0.10 | 1.11 ± 0.08 | 0.75 ± 0.07 | 0.85 ± 0.05 | 0.69 ± 0.20 | 0.85 ± 0.11 | 0.68 ± 0.19 | 0.69 ± 0.17 | 0.74 ± 0.16 | 1.14 ± 0.20 | 0.68 ± 0.05 | 0.71 ± 0.07 | 0.82 ± 0.04 | 0.95 ± 0.10 |
vm | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 0.09 ± 0.04 | 0.07 ± 0.04 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.09 ± 0.04 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 0.15 ± 0.11 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.03 |
λX | 4.55 ± 3.07 | 4.89 ± 2.36 | 3.10 ± 3.09 | 6.04 ± 1.49 | 5.00 ± 2.11 | 4.90 ± 1.15 | −2.1 (NS) | 8.81 ± 2.54 | −3.9 (NS) | −1.6 (NS) | 0.75 (NS) | 5.27 ± 2.32 | 3.47 ± 1.63 | 5.80 ± 2.32 | 6.42 ± 1.01 | 5.72 ± 2.26 |
μX | 0.31 ± 0.16 | 0.38 ± 0.17 | 0.32 ± 0.16 | 0.29 ± 0.07 | 0.42 ± 0.18 | 0.24 ± 0.04 | 0.18 ± 0.17 | 0.40 ± 0.21 | 0.17 ± 0.17 | 0.20 ± 0.19 | 0.24 ± 0.20 | 0.54 ± 0.19 | 0.21 ± 0.05 | 0.40 ± 0.19 | 0.27 ± 0.04 | 0.35 ± 0.14 |
τX | 10.9 ± 2.0 | 10.2 ± 1.4 | 9.38 ± 1.87 | 12.9 ± 1.1 | 9.82 ± 1.20 | 13.4 ± 1.0 | 9.06 ± 6.16 | 13.8 ± 1.7 | 7.65 ± 6.00 | 8.23 ± 5.07 | 9.25 ± 4.19 | 8.99 ± 1.40 | 13.1 ± 1.5 | 10.8 ± 1.4 | 13.8 ± 0.8 | 11.5 ± 1.5 |
tmX | 17.3 ± 4.5 | 15.5 ± 3.2 | 15.7 ± 4.3 | 20.1 ± 2.6 | 14.6 ± 2.7 | 21.9 ± 2.1 | 20.3 ± 15.3 | 18.8 ± 3.6 | 19.2 ± 15.7 | 18.0 ± 12.6 | 17.8 ± 9.9 | 12.7 ± 3.1 | 22.8 ± 3.3 | 15.9 ± 3.1 | 21.1 ± 1.7 | 17.3 ± 3.3 |
YX/YPr | 1.225 | 0.970 | 1.196 | 1.639 | 0.884 | 1.103 | 0.463 | 1.009 | 0.588 | 0.653 | 0.547 | 0.899 | 0.463 | 0.955 | 1.749 | 1.006 |
R2 | 0.975 | 0.981 | 0.973 | 0.995 | 0.985 | 0.997 | 0.924 | 0.979 | 0.925 | 0.924 | 0.917 | 0.993 | 0.994 | 0.983 | 0.998 | 0.986 |
p-value | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.05 | <0.005 | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.01 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 |
Cells (G) | ||||||||||||||||
He_Gr | He_Bo | He_Ha | He_AHM | He_Me | Wh_BW | Wh_RS | Wh_Ma | Wh_Po | Wh_Gu | Wh_Gr | Wh_Bo | Wh_Ha | Wh_Me | Wh_AHM | MM2 | |
Gm | 9.56 ± 1.09 | 10.4 ± 1.5 | 9.67 ± 1.06 | 10.6 ± 0.9 | 8.62 ± 0.48 | 9.20 ± 1.00 | 8.09 ± 1.16 | 10.6 ± 1.1 | 8.82 ± 1.02 | 9.52 ± 0.73 | 10.1 ± 1.1 | 11.4 ± 1.3 | 8.57 ± 0.70 | 8.78 ± 0.33 | 9.39 ± 0.58 | 9.99 ± 2.18 |
vG | 0.85 ± 0.41 | 0.74 ± 0.35 | 0.87 ± 0.40 | 0.94 ± 0.38 | 1.54 ± 0.58 | 0.86 ± 0.32 | 1.04 ± 0.82 | 0.90 ± 0.36 | 1.77 ± 1.77 | 0.99 ± 0.35 | 0.92 ± 0.36 | 0.81 ± 0.33 | 1.13 ± 0.51 | 1.13 ± 0.23 | 1.09 ± 0.34 | 0.94 ± 0.53 |
λG | 3.00 ± 2.92 | 3.04 (NS) | 3.27 ± 2.77 | 3.49 ± 2.26 | 4.06 ± 1.16 | 4.11 ± 2.36 | 2.97 (NS) | 3.54 ± 2.55 | 3.31 ± 2.81 | 4.22 ± 1.87 | 4.43 ± 2.40 | 3.80 ± 2.80 | 3.63 ± 1.93 | 3.54 ± 0.89 | 3.04 ± 1.53 | 3.26 ± 3.13 |
μG | 0.36 ± 0.19 | 0.29 ± 0.16 | 0.36 ± 0.18 | 0.39 ± 0.17 | 0.71 ± 0.28 | 0.33 ± 0.14 | 0.51 ± 0.43 | 0.34 ± 0.15 | 5.80 ± 1.27 | 0.42 ± 0.16 | 0.34 ± 0.15 | 0.30 ± 0.14 | 0.53 ± 0.25 | 0.52 ± 0.11 | 0.46 ± 0.15 | 0.39 ± 0.24 |
τG | 8.61 ± 1.68 | 10.0 ± 2.2 | 8.83 ± 1.60 | 8.61 ± 1.27 | 6.86 ± 0.64 | 10.1 ± 1.5 | 6.88 ± 1.90 | 9.47 ± 1.52 | 11.0 (NS) | 9.02 ± 1.05 | 10.3 ± 1.5 | 10.4 ± 1.8 | 7.42 ± 1.05 | 7.41 ± 0.49 | 7.36 ± 0.84 | 8.33 ± 1.76 |
tmG | 14.2 ± 3.8 | 17.0 ± 5.2 | 14.4 ± 3.6 | 13.8 ± 2.8 | 9.67 ± 1.36 | 16.1 ± 3.3 | 10.8 ± 4.0 | 15.4 ± 3.5 | 8.29 ± 2.90 | 13.8 ± 2.3 | 16.2 ± 3.3 | 17.0 ± 4.1 | 11.2 ± 2.2 | 11.3 ± 1.0 | 11.7 ± 1.8 | 13.4 ± 3.9 |
YG/YPr | 14.12 | 11.21 | 13.91 | 14.85 | 4.27 | 11.31 | 5.10 | 13.00 | 4.44 | 11.71 | 5.273 | 6.77 | 6.20 | 6.95 | 4.67 | 10.67 |
R2 | 0.975 | 0.971 | 0.976 | 0.983 | 0.991 | 0.984 | 0.946 | 0.981 | 0.956 | 0.988 | 0.982 | 0.979 | 0.983 | 0.996 | 0.990 | 0.968 |
p-value | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 |
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Vázquez, J.A.; Durán, A.; Nogueira, M.; Menduíña, A.; Antunes, J.; Freitas, A.C.; Gomes, A.M. Production of Marine Probiotic Bacteria in a Cost-Effective Marine Media Based on Peptones Obtained from Discarded Fish By-Products. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 1121. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8081121
Vázquez JA, Durán A, Nogueira M, Menduíña A, Antunes J, Freitas AC, Gomes AM. Production of Marine Probiotic Bacteria in a Cost-Effective Marine Media Based on Peptones Obtained from Discarded Fish By-Products. Microorganisms. 2020; 8(8):1121. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8081121
Chicago/Turabian StyleVázquez, José Antonio, Ana Durán, Margarita Nogueira, Araceli Menduíña, Joana Antunes, Ana Cristina Freitas, and Ana María Gomes. 2020. "Production of Marine Probiotic Bacteria in a Cost-Effective Marine Media Based on Peptones Obtained from Discarded Fish By-Products" Microorganisms 8, no. 8: 1121. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8081121