In Vitro Fumonisin Biosynthesis and Genetic Structure of Fusarium verticillioides Strains from Five Mediterranean Countries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (i)
- investigate the abilities of selected F. verticillioides strains isolated from maize kernels in five Mediterranean countries to in vitro biosynthesize FB1, FB2 and FB3;
- (ii)
- characterize the genetic structure of these selected strains to assess for possible variability within strains originating from each of the surveyed countries and between the strains originating from different countries.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Fungal Strains
2.2. Confirmation of F. verticillioides Identity by PCR Assays
2.3. Determiantion of Fumonisin Biosynthesis by F. verticillioides In Vitro
2.3.1. F. verticillioides Cultures
2.3.2. Fumonisin Extraction and LC-MS/MS Analysis
2.4. Genetic Structure of Different F. verticillioides Populations
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Identity Confirmation of F. verticillioides
3.2. Fumonisin Biosynthesis by F. verticillioides In Vitro
3.3. Genetic Structure and Variability of F. verticillioides Populations
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- (i)
- the presence of an Egyptian population which differed from the others for its low percentage of fumonisin-producing strains;
- (ii)
- the presence of significant differences in fumonisin production within the strains isolated in each of the surveyed countries and, in some cases, also among populations isolated from different countries;
- (iii)
- the high level of genetic uniformity inside the populations analyzed;
- (iv)
- the general absence of correlation between geographical origin and/or fumonisin production ability with the genetic diversity of the strain set;
- (v)
- the presence of four Egyptian strains that were distinguished from the other strains at a bootstrap value of 60.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Strain ID | Origin | Fumonisin Production (μg/g) * | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fumonisin B1 | Fumonisin B2 | Fumonisin B3 | Total Fumonisins **,§ | |||||||
PG 21C | Italy | nd † | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
PG 39B | Italy | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
ITEM 9313 | Italy | 0.03 | (±0.01) | nd | - | nd | - | 0.03 | (±0.01) | a |
ITEM 9319 | Italy | 0.16 | (±0.08) | 0.03 | (±0.01) | 0.05 | (±0.02) | 0.24 | (±0.11) | ab |
PG 60A1 | Italy | 0.20 | (±0.02) | 0.04 | (±0.01) | 0.05 | (±0.01) | 0.29 | (±0.02) | b |
ITEM 9330 | Italy | 0.30 | (±0.08) | 0.05 | (±0.01) | 0.06 | (±0.01) | 0.41 | (±0.09) | ab |
ITEM 9320 | Italy | 0.63 | (±0.60) | 0.10 | (±0.10) | 0.08 | (±0.07) | 0.81 | (±0.77) | ab |
ITEM 9300 | Italy | 0.65 | (±0.37) | 0.11 | (±0.06) | 0.11 | (±0.05) | 0.87 | (±0.48) | ab |
PG 28A | Italy | 1.01 | (±0.40) | 0.22 | (±0.10) | 0.25 | (±0.08) | 1.49 | (±0.58) | ab |
ITEM 9318 | Italy | 1.03 | (±0.68) | 0.22 | (±0.15) | 0.35 | (±0.24) | 1.59 | (±1.07) | ab |
PG 22A | Italy | 1.67 | (±1.52) | 0.24 | (±0.23) | 0.25 | (±0.22) | 2.16 | (±1.97) | ab |
PG 20A | Italy | 2.81 | (±1.50) | 0.66 | (±0.35) | 0.40 | (±0.16) | 3.87 | (±2) | abc |
ITEM 9310 | Italy | 6.56 | (±3.09) | 2.46 | (±1.19) | 0.68 | (±0.29) | 9.69 | (±4.56) | abcd |
PG 5A | Italy | 6.99 | (±0.89) | 2.35 | (±0.37) | 0.85 | (±0.06) | 10.19 | (±1.27) | cd |
ITEM 9309 | Italy | 7.70 | (±3.45) | 2.23 | (±1) | 0.80 | (±0.30) | 10.74 | (±4.74) | abcd |
PG 76A1 | Italy | 8.78 | (±4.50) | 2.32 | (±1.29) | 1.24 | (±0.60) | 12.34 | (±6.39) | abcde |
PG 30B | Italy | 10.36 | (±1.25) | 2.95 | (±0.45) | 1.26 | (±0.26) | 14.57 | (±1.92) | d |
ITEM 9329 | Italy | 10.71 | (±2.32) | 3.04 | (±0.71) | 0.84 | (±0.16) | 14.59 | (±3.16) | cd |
PG 35A | Italy | 13.30 | (±6.96) | 4.39 | (±2.26) | 1.78 | (±0.80) | 19.47 | (±10) | abcde |
PG 58A1 | Italy | 19.39 | (±5.28) | 7.51 | (±1.73) | 2.16 | (±0.15) | 29.07 | (±7.05) | abcde |
ITEM 10027 | Italy | 23.64 | (±1.57) | 7.22 | (±0.44) | 2.49 | (±0.05) | 33.35 | (±1.99) | e |
PG 36B | Italy | 23.87 | (±0.44) | 5.63 | (±1.56) | 4.23 | (±0.19) | 33.73 | (±1.49) | e |
03-2/A | Spain | 0.24 | (±0.17) | nd | - | nd | - | 0.24 | (±0.17) | |
FVMM 3-2 | Spain | 0.78 | (±0.29) | 0.03 | (±0.03) | 0.01 | (±0.01) | 0.82 | (±0.33) | a |
C1-2 SEV | Spain | 2.24 | (±1.19) | 0.53 | (±0.42) | 0.01 | - | 2.77 | (±1.61) | ab |
FVMM 2-1 | Spain | 2.60 | (±1.60) | 0.55 | (±0.46) | 0.24 | (±0.13) | 3.38 | (±2.17) | ab |
FVMM AD 2-4 | Spain | 6.38 | (±3.28) | 1.61 | (±0.91) | 0.20 | (±0.05) | 8.19 | (±4.19) | ab |
03-5/B SEV.1 | Spain | 6.63 | (±1.08) | 1.31 | (±0.31) | 0.31 | (±0.05) | 8.24 | (±1.43) | b |
03-5/B SEV | Spain | 7.70 | (±3.57) | 1.81 | (±0.92) | 1.06 | (±0.66) | 10.57 | (±5.01) | ab |
FVMM 1-1 | Spain | 15.63 | (±4.19) | 4.68 | (±1.25) | 1.77 | (±0.33) | 22.08 | (±5.74) | ab |
0-C-1-3 2/2 | Spain | 56.12 | (±5.31) | 10.67 | (±1.35) | 3.04 | (±0.21) | 69.84 | (±6.57) | c |
M16 | Tunisia | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
M11 | Tunisia | 0.29 | (±0.07) | 0.04 | (±0.02) | nd | - | 0.33 | (±0.09) | a |
M19 | Tunisia | 0.30 | (±0.07) | 0.03 | (±0.02) | 0.11 | (±0.03) | 0.45 | (±0.11) | a |
M12 | Tunisia | 0.56 | (±0.23) | 0.12 | (±0.05) | 0.06 | (±0.02) | 0.74 | (±0.30) | ab |
M15 | Tunisia | 0.47 | (±0.17) | 0.06 | (±0.02) | 0.27 | (±0.08) | 0.80 | (±0.28) | ab |
M20 | Tunisia | 0.92 | (±0.13) | nd | - | 0.01 | - | 0.93 | (±0.13) | b |
M17 | Tunisia | 0.91 | (±0.21) | 0.12 | (±0.03) | 0.55 | (±0.12) | 1.58 | (±0.36) | ab |
M5 | Tunisia | 2.55 | (±1.43) | 0.27 | (±0.26) | nd | - | 2.83 | (±1.69) | ab |
M2 | Tunisia | 3.21 | (±1.32) | 0.61 | (±0.31) | 0.01 | - | 3.82 | (±1.63) | ab |
M8 | Tunisia | 3.53 | (±1.80) | 1.01 | (±0.58) | 0.01 | - | 4.55 | (±2.39) | abc |
M7 | Tunisia | 3.80 | (±3.05) | 0.77 | (±0.75) | 0.40 | (±0.32) | 4.97 | (±4.11) | abc |
M22 | Tunisia | 6.85 | (±3.59) | 1.15 | (±0.40) | 2.07 | (±0.47) | 10.07 | (±4.45) | abc |
M21 | Tunisia | 7.10 | (±4.93) | 1.47 | (±1.24) | 1.72 | (±1.09) | 10.29 | (±7.24) | abc |
M1 | Tunisia | 8.82 | (±1.28) | 2.16 | (±0.35) | 0.68 | (±0.23) | 11.66 | (±1.81) | c |
M14 | Tunisia | 10.50 | (±0.10) | 1.72 | (±0.12) | 1.07 | (±0.10) | 13.28 | (±0.18) | c |
M10 | Tunisia | 11.07 | (±1.71) | 2.48 | (±0.55) | 0.04 | (±0.03) | 13.59 | (±2.23) | c |
F2 | Egypt | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
F6 | Egypt | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
F7 | Egypt | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
F10 | Egypt | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
F12 | Egypt | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
F19 | Egypt | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
F22 | Egypt | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
F23 | Egypt | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
F25 | Egypt | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
F26 | Egypt | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
F27 | Egypt | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
F30 | Egypt | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
F36 | Egypt | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
F38 | Egypt | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
F41 | Egypt | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
F39 | Egypt | 0.22 | (±0.02) | nd | - | nd | - | 0.22 | (±0.02) | a |
F29 | Egypt | 0.81 | (±0.05) | 0.19 | (±0.04) | 0.12 | (±0.03) | 1.12 | (±0.11) | b |
F8 | Egypt | 0.96 | (±0.90) | 0.34 | (±0.33) | nd | - | 1.29 | (±1.23) | ab |
F4 | Egypt | 1.18 | (±0.08) | 0.10 | (±0.02) | 0.08 | - | 1.35 | (±0.11) | b |
F28 | Egypt | 1.08 | (±0.69) | 0.21 | (±0.13) | 0.09 | (±0.05) | 1.38 | (±0.87) | ab |
F9 | Egypt | 1.14 | (±0.79) | 0.15 | (±0.13) | 0.32 | (±0.25) | 1.61 | (±1.17) | ab |
F32 | Egypt | 1.11 | (±0.34) | 0.72 | (±0.27) | 0.38 | (±0.20) | 2.21 | (±0.80) | ab |
F5 | Egypt | 4.10 | (±2.16) | 0.70 | (±0.40) | 0.05 | (±0.03) | 4.85 | (±2.60) | abc |
F11 | Egypt | 3.56 | (±1.88) | 0.70 | (±0.44) | 0.58 | (±0.37) | 4.85 | (±2.68) | abc |
F17 | Egypt | 4.35 | (±3.24) | 2.03 | (±1.57) | nd | - | 6.38 | (±4.81) | abc |
F13 | Egypt | 6.02 | (±1.45) | 0.88 | (±0.11) | 0.33 | (±0.12) | 7.23 | (±1.67) | abc |
F15 | Egypt | 6.32 | (±4.25) | 1.29 | (±0.98) | 0.38 | (±0.22) | 7.99 | (±5.45) | abc |
F3 | Egypt | 7.52 | (±0.08) | 1.95 | (±0.15) | 1.75 | (±0.15) | 11.23 | (±0.32) | c |
35 | Iran | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
4 | Iran | 0.03 | (±0.02) | nd | - | nd | - | 0.03 | (±0.02) | a |
25 | Iran | 0.10 | (±0.02) | nd | - | nd | - | 0.10 | (±0.02) | b |
2 | Iran | 0.27 | (±0.08) | nd | - | nd | - | 0.27 | (±0.08) | ab |
9 | Iran | 0.47 | (±0.37) | nd | - | nd | - | 0.47 | (±0.37) | ab |
18 | Iran | 1.21 | (±0.25) | 0.10 | (±0.05) | 0.09 | (±0.04) | 1.40 | (±0.35) | abc |
39 | Iran | 1.65 | (±0.45) | 0.19 | (±0.18) | 0.42 | (±0.12) | 2.26 | (±0.73) | abc |
56 | Iran | 2.21 | (±1.12) | 0.34 | (±0.18) | 0.30 | (±0.16) | 2.85 | (±1.42) | abc |
1 | Iran | 3.94 | (±0.76) | 0.56 | (±0.18) | 0.22 | (±0.07) | 4.72 | (±1) | c |
3 | Iran | 4.48 | (±1.22) | 0.76 | (±0.22) | 0.47 | (±0.16) | 5.71 | (±1.59) | abc |
22 | Iran | 4.61 | (±1.38) | 1.65 | (±0.53) | nd | - | 6.26 | (±1.91) | abc |
16 | Iran | 4.66 | (±1.63) | 1.48 | (±0.58) | 0.40 | (±0.18) | 6.55 | (±2.39) | abc |
5 | Iran | 9.92 | (±5.52) | 2.15 | (±1.35) | 1.17 | (±0.71) | 13.25 | (±7.59) | abcd |
7 | Iran | 13.65 | (±4.74) | 3.23 | (±1.15) | 1.45 | (±0.50) | 18.33 | (±6.40) | abcd |
89 | Iran | 30.81 | (±4.39) | 7.23 | (±1.01) | 1.75 | (±0.28) | 39.79 | (±5.25) | d |
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Beccari, G.; Stępień, Ł.; Onofri, A.; Lattanzio, V.M.T.; Ciasca, B.; Abd-El Fatah, S.I.; Valente, F.; Urbaniak, M.; Covarelli, L. In Vitro Fumonisin Biosynthesis and Genetic Structure of Fusarium verticillioides Strains from Five Mediterranean Countries. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 241. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8020241
Beccari G, Stępień Ł, Onofri A, Lattanzio VMT, Ciasca B, Abd-El Fatah SI, Valente F, Urbaniak M, Covarelli L. In Vitro Fumonisin Biosynthesis and Genetic Structure of Fusarium verticillioides Strains from Five Mediterranean Countries. Microorganisms. 2020; 8(2):241. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8020241
Chicago/Turabian StyleBeccari, Giovanni, Łukasz Stępień, Andrea Onofri, Veronica M. T. Lattanzio, Biancamaria Ciasca, Sally I. Abd-El Fatah, Francesco Valente, Monika Urbaniak, and Lorenzo Covarelli. 2020. "In Vitro Fumonisin Biosynthesis and Genetic Structure of Fusarium verticillioides Strains from Five Mediterranean Countries" Microorganisms 8, no. 2: 241. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8020241