Microbiological Air Quality and Drug Resistance in Airborne Bacteria Isolated from a Waste Sorting Plant Located in Poland―A Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiments
2.1. Sampling Sites
2.2. Sampling and Analytical Methods
2.3. Bacteria Identification and Multi-Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) Test
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Quantity of Bacterial Aerosol (BA) of Two Cabins of Sorting Plant and Outdoor Air
3.2. Particle Size Distribution (PSD) of Bacterial Aerosol (BA) in Two Cabins of Sorting Plant (PSP; QCSP) and Outdoor Air
3.3. Quality and Antibiotic Resistance of Bacterial Aerosol (BA) in Two Cabins of Sorting Plant (PSP; QCSP)
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PSP | QCSP | OUT | |
---|---|---|---|
Total average concentration | 1.81 × 10³ | 1.25 × 10³ | 1.14 × 10³ |
Min value | 1.49 × 10³ | 8.6 × 10² | 6.9 × 10² |
Max value | 2.7 × 10³ | 1.9 × 10³ | 1.7 × 10³ |
Indoor/outdoor ratio | 1.6 | 1.1 | - |
SD | 8.0 × 10² | 6.2 × 10² | 5.1 × 10² |
PSP | QCSP | OUT | I/O for PSP | I/O for QCSP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.65–1.1 | 6.36 × 10² | 3.26 × 10² | 1.59 × 10² | 4.0 | 2.1 |
>1.1–2.1 | 6.17 × 10² | 3.76 × 10² | 2.05 × 10² | 3.0 | 1.8 |
>2.1–3.3 | 3.45 × 10² | 2.14 × 10² | 2.62 × 10² | 1.3 | 0.8 |
>3.3–4.7 | 0.55 × 10² | 1.63 × 10² | 3.19 × 10² | 0.2 | 0.5 |
>4.7–7.0 | 1.09 × 10² | 1.0 × 10² | 1.37 × 10² | 0.8 | 0.7 |
> 7.0 | 0.55 × 10² | 0.75 × 10² | 0.57 × 10² | 1.0 | 1.3 |
Approved for Medical Use | Antibiotic | Staphylococcus saprophyticus | Enterecoccus faecalis | Alcaligenes faecalis spp. feacalis | Micrococcus luteus E. | Mycobacterium setense |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1944 | Neomycin [33] | |||||
1952 | Erythromycin [35] | |||||
1952 | Nitrofurantoin [36] | |||||
1956 | Vancomycin [37] | |||||
1960 | Metronidazole [38] | |||||
1961 | Novobiocin [39,40] | |||||
1962 | Trimethoprim [41] | |||||
1963 | Ampicillin [42] | |||||
1963 | Gentamicin [33] | |||||
1967 | Doxycycline [43] | |||||
1967 | Nalidixic acid [44] | |||||
1968 | Rifampicin [45] | |||||
1968 | Tobramycin [33] | |||||
1968 | Trimethoprim/sulph [41] | |||||
1970 | Ticarcillin [46] | |||||
1971 | Minocycline [47] | |||||
1971 | Mupirocin [48,49] | |||||
1972 | Amoxycillin [42] | |||||
1975 | Netilmicin [33] | |||||
1976 | Amikacinv [33] | |||||
1977 | Cefoxitin [50] | |||||
1978 | Cefadroxil [51] | |||||
1979 | Cefaclor [42] | |||||
1981 | Piperacillin [52,53] | |||||
1983 | Norfloxacinv [54,55] | |||||
1985 | Ceftazidime [42] | |||||
1985 | Ofloxacin [53] | |||||
1985 | Aztreonam [56] | |||||
1986 | Ciprofloxacin [53] | |||||
1987 | Imipenem [57] | |||||
1988 | Teicolpanin [58,59] | |||||
1991 | Azithromycin [60,61] | |||||
1996 | Cefepime [42] | |||||
2001 | Ertapenem [62] | |||||
2005 | Doripenem [63] | |||||
2010 | Ceftaroline [64] |
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Brągoszewska, E.; Biedroń, I.; Hryb, W. Microbiological Air Quality and Drug Resistance in Airborne Bacteria Isolated from a Waste Sorting Plant Located in Poland―A Case Study. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 202. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8020202
Brągoszewska E, Biedroń I, Hryb W. Microbiological Air Quality and Drug Resistance in Airborne Bacteria Isolated from a Waste Sorting Plant Located in Poland―A Case Study. Microorganisms. 2020; 8(2):202. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8020202
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrągoszewska, Ewa, Izabela Biedroń, and Wojciech Hryb. 2020. "Microbiological Air Quality and Drug Resistance in Airborne Bacteria Isolated from a Waste Sorting Plant Located in Poland―A Case Study" Microorganisms 8, no. 2: 202. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8020202