The Human Milk Microbiota is Modulated by Maternal Diet
by
Marina Padilha 1,2,*, Niels Banhos Danneskiold-Samsøe 3, Asker Brejnrod 3, Christian Hoffmann 1,2, Vanessa Pereira Cabral 1,4, Julia de Melo Iaucci 1, Cristiane Hermes Sales 4
, Regina Mara Fisberg 4, Ramon Vitor Cortez 1, Susanne Brix 5, Carla Romano Taddei 1,6, Karsten Kristiansen 3 and Susana Marta Isay Saad 1,2,*
Marina Padilha 1,2,*, Niels Banhos Danneskiold-Samsøe 3, Asker Brejnrod 3, Christian Hoffmann 1,2, Vanessa Pereira Cabral 1,4, Julia de Melo Iaucci 1, Cristiane Hermes Sales 4, Regina Mara Fisberg 4, Ramon Vitor Cortez 1, Susanne Brix 5, Carla Romano Taddei 1,6, Karsten Kristiansen 3 and Susana Marta Isay Saad 1,2,*
1
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
2
Food Research Center (FoRC), University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
3
Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
4
School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil
5
Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
6
School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 03828-000, SP, Brazil
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microorganisms 2019, 7(11), 502; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7110502
Received: 17 September 2019 / Revised: 21 October 2019 / Accepted: 24 October 2019 / Published: 29 October 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host-Gut Microbiota Interactions)
Human milk microorganisms contribute not only to the healthy development of the immune system in infants, but also in shaping the gut microbiota. We evaluated the effect of the maternal diet during pregnancy and during the first month of lactation on the human milk microbiota in a cross-sectional study including 94 healthy lactating women. Microbiota composition was determined by 16S rDNA profiling and nutrient intake assessed through food questionnaires. Thirteen genera were present in at least 90% of all samples, with three genera present in all samples: Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Corynebacterium. Cluster analysis indicated two distinct compositions: one marked by a high abundance of Streptococcus (cluster 1), and other by a high abundance of Staphylococcus (cluster 2). A global association with milk microbiota diversity was observed for vitamin C intake during pregnancy (p = 0.029), which was higher for cluster 2 individuals (cluster 2 median = 232 mg/d; cluster 1 = 175 mg/d; p = 0.02). Positive correlations were found between Bifidobacterium in the milk and intake of polyunsaturated and linoleic fatty acids during the lactation period (p < 0.01). We show that maternal diet influences the human milk microbiota, especially during pregnancy, which may contribute in shaping the gut microbiota.
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Keywords:
maternal diet; microbiota; breast milk; gut colonization; breastfeeding
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This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
MDPI and ACS Style
Padilha, M.; Danneskiold-Samsøe, N.B.; Brejnrod, A.; Hoffmann, C.; Cabral, V.P.; Iaucci, J.M.; Sales, C.H.; Fisberg, R.M.; Cortez, R.V.; Brix, S.; Taddei, C.R.; Kristiansen, K.; Saad, S.M.I. The Human Milk Microbiota is Modulated by Maternal Diet. Microorganisms 2019, 7, 502.
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