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Microorganisms
Volume 14
Issue 4
10.3390/microorganisms14040930
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Review

Autochthonous Leishmaniosis in Dogs, Cats, Horses, and Wildlife in the United States of America

by
Chaoqun Yao
1,*,
Yi Yang
2 and
Aifang Du
2
1
Department of Biomedical Sciences, One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Infectious Diseases, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis
2
Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microorganisms 2026, 14(4), 930; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14040930
Submission received: 11 March 2026 / Revised: 11 April 2026 / Accepted: 16 April 2026 / Published: 20 April 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology)
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Abstract

Leishmaniasis is endemic in 99 countries worldwide, including the United States of America (USA). Its causative pathogens, Leishmania spp. have been detected in both humans and animals within the USA. Lately, we have comprehensively reviewed autochthonous leishmaniasis in humans in this region. Animals play a pivotal role in maintaining its endemicity in some endemic areas and regions, for example, dogs in Brazil and the Mediterranean. In this review, we thoroughly examine autochthonous leishmaniosis in dogs, cats, horses, and wildlife in the USA, and we synthesize integration across species, transmission pathways, the crucial roles the animals play, and the potential risk they pose to humans. The information is essential for public health and for the effective control and management of leishmaniasis through expanding reservoir and vector surveillance using One-Health approaches in the USA.
Keywords: autochthonous leishmaniosis; Leishmania; USA; transmission; dog; cat; horse; wildlife autochthonous leishmaniosis; Leishmania; USA; transmission; dog; cat; horse; wildlife

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MDPI and ACS Style

Yao, C.; Yang, Y.; Du, A. Autochthonous Leishmaniosis in Dogs, Cats, Horses, and Wildlife in the United States of America. Microorganisms 2026, 14, 930. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14040930

AMA Style

Yao C, Yang Y, Du A. Autochthonous Leishmaniosis in Dogs, Cats, Horses, and Wildlife in the United States of America. Microorganisms. 2026; 14(4):930. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14040930

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yao, Chaoqun, Yi Yang, and Aifang Du. 2026. "Autochthonous Leishmaniosis in Dogs, Cats, Horses, and Wildlife in the United States of America" Microorganisms 14, no. 4: 930. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14040930

APA Style

Yao, C., Yang, Y., & Du, A. (2026). Autochthonous Leishmaniosis in Dogs, Cats, Horses, and Wildlife in the United States of America. Microorganisms, 14(4), 930. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14040930

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